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1

ʼһ֮Եѽȴʲôš
ݵүһ̫һ߿õߵ飬һ߲ʱһüͷ
죬һ̫ǵηաںı졣ԱλСչ곤Ļƣһ̫ɾƵö췢ùˡ
⼸죬轵ڴϣµĺ쬵·ꡣ޿ɸıļڱ任УΪƶͬȫһ
ӪкҩеĳǽʮȨ̼֮һʮ䡣ݶ˽ʵƬ涼ǻͿĨĸǽ©
Ӵϣɵͨݾͨľűߡݵúܴӵڴ뽭ԫԼСʮڵɻĻƣബͽŷڵ̺;Ÿͷ֮䡣⣬ͷмֿ⡣
֮⣬ݼڸڵĵҩġԭΪಡүѼҩʱ⽥ġԭΪ˾ȶӶʼģʵҩϳˡǮȻܴҺҲܺ
ϣҩеүλҵ̳ҩڣԴ𣬸޷տ⡣ԼԴҲᷳѡ⣬үľƺḻ
ھĽ졢Ϊүҵ᷿ڣҲһΪ˱ů紺ԲԲĻ̿ҩҲƮɢëڷﾡܺүʵᷳš˵ʱüͷ
鲻ãүʳҲ½ż㲻ʱ᷿һЩǲʱƵģǲҩ̻ʼ顣
ԸʯֻܿԸְʼƪһţܶ𣿡
Ķһȫô࣬㷭ͷˡ
𻰵ĲǱүʼǴл
ʼÿĩȥˣյֻصǮࡣһܻӭ˰
ǰǰ
һ̫ЦűԱߵ麯ȻдŵĹﲻȤüĿĿСʼȴռİáЩд˵ȭͷôߡ
Ȼ˵ý˲٣ʮүԲڴûг̸ζʸղһֱȤؿĵ硣
үƵţǰĶһޡȻүźһʼû˵ݻ˦Ůŵĩβдˡȥء
һ֨֨һ˵ǰȷ²ʲô飬һš
鷳ء
дˡô찡
Ҽɡ
֪ʲôʱ򣬷һЩӰӣӰүıӱϡҽ̽ӵģһ͵е֣Ȼһ˵Ļװ硢ǽҵС˵ŵĵĻʵȴ˵۷Ź⡣
ЩͬѰͻȻ֣үûһ˿šΪһֱүߵĻʼͲǳˣֵ֣ȮͰ
һϰٱ֪ܡһϰɵӰʵˣһѾǧĲͬѰĴ֡ԭʿɰ˰һУӹӵˡүĸѪȻˣֻҪһ֣Ͼܸ֪Ҳֹڴˣܶô˵еͰˮֻ۵죬ȴûʲôá
ĸಡػӴүֳ֡ľ󣬳ϰ򸾸谮ӶԶǷ·ҪǾƵģү簮ʤһرƣֱҪѶүĳеס
ү𽥳󣬿ʼʶԼͳͬ⡣أϤ
͵һŻ֣߱ķƢЩϣһлطǡ
ʼͦӵ˵һֻűүǡŮˣ˻ء
˵㵨˵ЩеĻСҰӵȥ
ʼĿţ͵ʱװ£ľʹ˵ͷɲʡ͵ĵơ

Ů˼סηΪΰƵʵ
ʼɫ࣬ڴõ°ʱĿɫ
Сסɣ
ĺɾ
δ䣬ʼȥ͵жʱϣʼסˡֱɤӣƴغҡ˵ģ
Բĵģѣ
һ͵һʱ˵ƴʱһеֹ˵
ʼղ˵
֪˵үЦɿ֡һۡһ䡸׳աȻŴڴڴ͵С
үǴʲôطסֵģ
ְдҲǡȥǡס
ҵĿ⼯еϵϡһǺȻЦ
ԭˣԭˡдƵģֵȷǡȥ
ȷǡסдҲ̫ˡ
ȻдƵģҪǱʻֱһҲڲᰡ
һԹԵ˵Цһ̫ȴһЦ
ţԲ˶ģֻ뵽򾡣
ʲôŮдİ
үǶЦֱʼæ߸ү˱衣ͨ˲ֻͬϣЩܸүƣľνˡЩд˵ôϲ¡
дŵĹӦѾˡ治֪ѧ֣׾ӣʦҲó֡ʦЩϰĽɴ˿ɼһߡ͵վߵԣ廰
ү΢΢ͷԻ˵ϰĽĺ⡣
ΪûǮϾ֮һ߽ͣһ߰ѸŲˮ̷ŵүԱߡϰЩʦһڹעڣָաȡ硢Ϧաͼ黭ݡÿζͬһĵһֽעһֽԼķ֮һ𡣣֮䡣
Ǯ̿ǮȡΪĳʦûĸͲǮӹʼϣǮǺҪġ
ڲˮԱַһСӵġ
һ𣿡ʼĵؿүʵ
ģ¶ı飬ͷͬһ˹ȥȥү״Ҫүܳ°ӣ϶ĵذѵķָңôһá
ˡ
һ̫ɸо˾ۼԼϵĿڴЦţΥشӴ
ʼ˵ذѵķֵСʱ̴ٵͻȻ쳹յգ
Ԥסľ֪ͨ˴֡һ죬Ľŷͻ
𰡣
˵ʱ٣ʱүûüʾ飬Ѿ˯ۡ
ǲߣ
ԹȻʧѹ̦Ƶүϣ߿̺ͲˮȥֻүϽ𺣣ү볤ֻһ֮ңľšºӵͣŴֻ
ǱΧЩˣϿӵֿȥ
᷿ʼһŭȣɢһصĵĵǱ½½ˡ͵ûڴ̫ܣǴԼԭһܹϵ磬үΪԷһ᷿ڸ׼ĵض}ͬڡ
ʱִнڻֽߣݺԺ߽ܵ½ǷɣϽѲֿĳڶ
ԶŽζķУűӵһ̫ɱһҳõСܿʻ밶ߡ

лλһ̫ɼʱӳ
˳ϰٱ˵ĻΪ̳˵ĶȴĹĵġ
ֽ󲻾ãڳڷۼһ˻㱨˵ԴԾӪ֯Ʒĸݡǰ֡ǳյúܲңӣ˺ܶ෿Ӻ;
λû꼰ݣҲûһˡľջٵļȻֵͬ飬ûɴѣһ
ڻµ̺ϰ壬ֻүһ˵ƵĴߵĻƣԶϰ򸾿ͣүȴֲ顣
˵ֻ꣬ŴӡףҲ̫簮ˣֱӴֵǰˡ
ֻҪû¾ͺáǼеأвֿ⣬дȫˣҲᵹա
׺ػشүԶԡжԺӳ赽ϵĸĸǲ˼顣
ȻһֱΪԼƽһģҪԼˡ
Ȼܳ谮үһǮĸҲһֱһ̫ɴӲĵ£Ϊ̫ûоƤ˶Ϊ簮ڻǣȴԼ˵һֱΪǹõүûЩ¡
ѾȥشҲˣȥЪϢɡõؽ
ʱһСү޴ˡ
ͨΰĲͷүʶΪס޵زظ޴ˡүٱһ˵ˣʱЦݡ
һ̫ɽȤĹ𣿿롣
˽ʼġ
һһƣүתͷʼȥʼ΢΢ü
񡭡ղŷʱ˱ɱˡ˵Ϊġ
˲ɵ

2

ɱλӻҰϰĶŮоסǰ뿪˼ң֮һֱûȥ˺ܵģͳȥңŸĺӵҵʬ塣
ͷؽĲҩ̵ǳϰٱҡһ˵ҪĻƣٱүҲһˡͷʱϵĺ
ûӵǱߡΪӱֲܻȥ˵ˮƽʱҲСģײӱȥҰݵ˳ʣ˭Ƶȥġ
֪Ǳӻ̵˿޷ˣ˼Ҳٺôرġ
˵ǰʼȥˣ׸һ顣ӻ̵ŮӶ˵СΪȥʲô˲ųŵġҰݵ˶֪ǲ㡣
ӻһݺͺǣ볤ϵÿζʼȥˡ
ҵȷһо׵Ĺյһ˲õ飬ûк档
䵭˵꣬Ѵ᷿һԶݸͷһӿôţ߲ɵõɴ۾
Ľ˲õ飬һⰡ
⡣
ǰһţͷɵúߺţʹеȥԼҲ֪׸ȥĶ
ͷˣүԲڴһֱԱźš
ֵʱǴүһӵ˴ϡʱôпչ˼Ůأ
ô˵üͷ
ү˵ƴġ£ʼΪȥһŮ˶뿪̡볤ݽĲͷȫһ㣬ܲţˡ
߲ѯʼھ׵飬ûɱֵʼֻһ֪ү˵岻ʣͷֻøǡ
ֵӦòǸơһ㣬ûñҲܵ˵ûܴӳõƽʱõӡ
ͷ밸ûҲûõⴹͷɥںдͨͷȥˡ

3

ҪǸͷʼһᱻΪ֡
Լʱ֮ү᷿һϲ裬һ߶Կ˵ղŷ¡ǸڵݵټͰãүСһ浽ĺѣרү
ټǵ⣬Ȼģ֪Ϊʲôζе֡Сĵı²ɰͰ͵ģȻշǳ
үڱҪĵķŵǲס
Сʼд鱾ͺ֡˹˹ĵضڱԱߣü˵⻰һֹ̫ͣ˺͵սڰ˵˶ˣ۵ĻүɵһЦ
ܵ˵ʲô¶ϲռ֦ҲԸЩ˴ŵĺͿ¡
˵ҰϰԷݣעݣڵķܰ뵺ϲǰӷ֮󣬾ͰѸᵽ;ʶˡ
ǰͬһλʦ
׳һͬѧϰĻ˵Ҫ޾Ҫ޵̼ҡ׿ʼ⣬ŷңŮһߴҰݲʲô꣬ҲЩСһǴŮ͡
ʼȻ࿡ǵļ̳ˡ׻д𣿡
һͻϵ°
ټԼĵģɫԽԽѿݺݵضӣĵ˵ɻ󲻽ؿ
ɳݵļ̳һ̫ɣһѧҵĻ鶼˵һ̫ɳ輿֮顣Ϊʲô͸أ
֮үôǼһ
Ļشţ༰
Ȼү𱸣һνֵ뷨һ˴ྶͥһ˿û䡣һ̫ɲŻᵣεɱ¼
ΪֻҪ˵Լʲô֪ûˣǲͷҲףܻץʼ˽᰸ӡ
(һ±ȽϺá)
үĵ⣬ɻرȻһ£ʰǸо׵Ĺдú𣿡
Ŷû˵ݵСȻ۾˵ҿдʦοţֺƯ
үˣɵúͻƶһۡ

ھ׵ĵ飬Ѿ
û죬үۼһȺеɫ֡һ̫ԲڴҪʲô£ҲÿʱΪڶ־ͳǧۺ˳
ǶԾ׵۲ߣŮǰ
ΧڻߣȿڵһֻҡΪԼһմմϲ˵ŮһЩĵ£ԴΪ֡
ҴģȴǾһȵĹ
ˮֺ̡Ҫ͵ƵģŻĽһģ͵пܲ˳ۣͷŤһߡ
˵Ͷˡ
ǿˡ˵رҪǿǿñ˱Լáһֻ˵
ȥѧ٣ΪԼúõ˳ܣͲѧˡ
԰˵ĳܺáһǰҰݵӱˣֻʣһŮĸŮӵԼҵ
ڵҰº˵
һֱүߣʱüͷ
˵ĶҰݵС𣿡
үǺȥʵġһֻһŽү͵İӣ
¶ӻɵɫ
Ұûʲô˰ף˵ЩһĻƣȢϰĶŮͿ԰ҰռΪССϲ˱ҵĻƣһŭ֮¾ͰƵȥˡ˵ͨˡ
ò뵽ɱҵһ仰Ʒˡ
ⲻ̫ܡҰϰиӣѾˡ
ײǶŮ𣿡
Ůֻһ
ﱻһ󼦵һҭ޻˵
ʱˮ̡˦Ľӣ˵׸ԺҪǿܲ˱˱Լá
ԣԡ
ˮ̡ĻҲͷ
϶ǺʼдСŮΪںӱߴʱײСĵȥˡ
ˮ̡յ˵꣬ʼͲͷط⻰ûûǵκһ˻عţ˭ȥ
ˮ̡ȵؿʼ˵ǵһǵĹɣĻ˵ͨ
ҡҡͷˮ̡ɫȻ
ɡҺòײôȤĹ¡
ǲ̫ˣҲ𰸰ֱ׳زһֵ˰ɡļƣɱ̼ҵŮ᲻˽ٷˣ
ڷֵʱ٣Ҫңȥֳ͵ҰǸС꣬ӦòʲôֵǮĶ˿ܵĵЩôɾͻջ񣿡
ҰºеĻǶ졣ʱ͵к׼ѹᣬЦ
˭ûŪװʵֻǸ⡣
⣿
Ŀⶼе͵ϡԼĿ͵еúܺá
ͳ飬ʼûԼںӱ߼棬İӾþδ¶棬Ļ䣬ߵˮСˡ
˼ɱʼʡ
Żص˵ͷͺϺ߼ˣࡣ
˵꣬شӵץһӡ
һֻ䲻˵ײˮ˵Լߵˮôúְ
һǵһ˵ǸѼء
ͷϴϰһЩ͵вû
ȶҰºм͵вֹЦ˵ģŮô¸ңԼߵǹʵڽ˲ҹͬ
ǰ˵Ļ˵ˣȫ
ʱԲԵһ̫ɵЦ
ԭ̫ȤˣѾϵ֦ҶŪˣԿˡ
⻰ǵһӼеүϡ
Ҳ˵ȻҲȻǿʤĳȴܺáݵļ̳˺뵽ʲôǸһ˿̵Ц⣬ңλСȻϲ̼ҵļ̳ˣȴ顣ʦϱʼϵȴʲݵʵ

ýζүһĽ͡һ̫ȴ뵽˱飬ûм˵ȥ
ͿǶʼĻˡǣ޴ţ׷׽ù鰸
Ѿ֪˭µ𣿡
òˡֶ࣬ϾŪˮʯţ˵˭ʶˮԺõŮ𣿡
⡭ŮǿʤΡ
Ļشүͷǡ
ôȥͲͷ˵һ׳µĺӱȥ˭ҰŮǱ߰ɡʼ͸ҰдšҰ˭ʶʼģҲг
үѸվ֪ΪʲôԶţһ
ôˣش˵ȫ֪ô¡
үҪ׵Ĺд𣿡
ʼҲһãȻ񻹺ܲүʶҶǿЦ˵⡭Ȼˡ£һ

4

ܥűߣͷ߱еŶӺ߸ߵĿݲݴС
ү֪˭ɱҰݵľ𣿡
ҪǻɣԻȥǲͷˣǹ̽𣿡
ȻˣҲ˵ˣ;ɡ
˵䣬ʼغӱ˹߻һˡͷǸˡ
ǲҰݵŮ𣿡
ǵġа顣
үһֱŮ͡ǹأһ˿͸ŸˣƺԸǰȥκεط
ߵˮߣʼȻعͷǹ˵飬㡭ɱ˾ף𣿡
ôȻ˵
ԾĲֻǸŮ͡Ҫүסͷͳݴȥˡ
ͷˣڳȥĻˡ黹ʲôû˵ء
˼
ȻֶˣһֱʼŮͣ۾ɵø󸣱Ƶġ
죬Сθң˵ƽġ
ҡΪʲôɱС㰡
ʼүȽĻ԰ظһ顣Ů͵ɫͬˮһ
˵ԭǾ׵ĸʱӻС㣬ڻʧȥ˫ף޴ȥҰݵǼҵŮ͡Ϊ˵λı仯İɣ
һֱŬظɻǡԡ
ô㶼šΪԼ׾ӱʼʱҲӦˣ𣿡
СķԸȻ𣿡
үµ׶ԼͰľ仯ܿģһڳСļһֱúܺģһЩڵòĶһľһݵλŮˡ
Σȴûадҵһ顣Ƿ˳ԾдŵĲ㣬Ǿװɣȥ˵ʱ򣬾Ҳɣ
̧ʼӲıѾúͻۿžӯˡ
СֻԴ̼ҵļ̳˸Ȥһֱô˵ġ
Ҳ˵ˡȻΪʲôҪдأ
֪ҵġ˼
ˮ˳ŰҲһ̫Ʋ
ڰʼ֮ǰȼԼ顣ΪʲôأֻţǶԴ˿ȤһãȻ
ү˵СϲˣŮͲǾͲֱӱԼ𣿾ҲǲðΪˡ
׵ĿǳΪ̼ҵϰΪʲôһƺŮ͵أ
ʼôҲ벻ͨı飬үЦˡһƽʱûϼʧЦݡ
ǸܸɵĻƣþͻΪƹҲȥԼꡣ
ǲ뿪үġ
Ǵ˵۹Ǿ׵뷨ò׳С㣬Ůͣ޸㣬пܳΪһҵϰˡ
ײ뿴鷢͹ðԼд顣ȴԸֱӰŸʼ
ǿ˶ðһ̫϶ɱ׵ľǰ顣
˿̣ʼĶ߷·𻹻صү̾Ϣˣʼү˸ƣʾˡ
鶼޴˰ɣܵõˡ
ʼŰ鳯ݴһ˦֣˵˵ʲôûɱС㡣ȷʵòԣСˡ뿪Ұݡ
ȥɻȻû£ǡʼû˵ȥˣΪѵүĵط
ʱ۾ͻȻɵôģŽű߷ĺˮ
С㣡
͵ͷɢϣ沨ƮŰ飬ſˡڽ֡ŵ˫ŷһҲŲʱشˮ𽥿ߣȻǸˮ棬
ץסԼϵɫĺľ죬Уܻص
Ҳɱģûɱ㣡
ڵأȫţιȥ
ʱүſߣͷ˳ȥ߽飬￴ȥûпµĶŮʧīɫˮס
еĶԻ㿴ɱľ׵Ĺ𣿡
СԼĺӱߡûпߣԽ˵ԽʼûСңûаŽʼѾҪ뿪ҰݣʵʵظС㣬ֱӽʼˡ
ѾûˮСŭȭͷҴҲ׼ڵҲһʱȻ

ǻ𾯵ܾˣڸл֡СЦ
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ͷүͻƵĿⶼе˰ϡ
ǰǳУ̱ܶˣǼһܶ˶ʧȥ˲Ʋ̵ҲˡҰ˵ȷʵ콵ԻֹҰܹԺܱ˵ļǮһõض⵽档
ԼҷĻ𾯣С㲻ɵЦˡ
Ц͵ذС㳯ȥ֮ҲҿƵܿˡ
ڻнұסһֱȵıĻмҪڷΪҶŵġĸҲģҲӣҴϺƯˣˡ΢΢زԽԽСԭΪԼں˭֪ĵײ֪һħ
Ϊû˿ĽӲڣѾûˮˣֻһζصͷ
ͷͬؿŰ顣ǰѾˮʯץһү˵ͷѰˡ
ǻ𾯵סĶħڷʱүȴܵ˰ıδˡ
ͬǱµĺ紵ÿ˵ĸоȴһÿûػʹˣΪ˲ҪվȽŸһζ԰۾ͻᱻԹɱΣҲ
һ̫ҡҡͷںӱ߶£ͳװĵֽطŵˮϡˮһֻŮ˵ֽ֣קȥ
ү˵
ʲô°ʼ
ô¡
үԾؿһĻƣЦ֪Ȼվһ뿪˺ĺӱߡ

ټĵ

1

и˳ټĵģˣ
ʱֵů͵˻˯ڳҩУòûүһ̫˷ķͷߵŷɱ
ô£Ǳҭס𣿡
˵ױϣŴүߵߡ
ټǳԳݵĵݵļ̳ˣಡүΪ֮һ˵Ľ׷ݵѽѧʱͷ֪˵Ĺϵ˵Ľ֪ү
⡭˵˳ԵǲӡټүѾȥˡ
֪ΪʲôЩ֧֧ᡣһ˵ټǰӣݵĻƶĬˣ˴ضš    
үĵģҩҲԡҶ֪ټĵĵζڽֹ
ʼҩĿڴ˳һᣬ˵˴ҵﻰ
ǲΪټĵʵ̫ѳˣǸһֹͣˣ
ʼ˵ʲôأ
ү̴𱸡һְүĻȴ⡣
ѱ˳ڿͬû˵ڵĻ˵˳Ļʼһֵ֣а󡣴һ̫Сʱ𣬳ݾ˺ö֣һΪף𱣻үүҲŴĸŴѪүѾˣЩͬѰĻߣүġֺ˵ĸоһⳣүͷۡ
ѽټڶıôҲΪѳԾ˰ɣ
үĻȻеȴ˵ŲأټĵĿɲһѳ԰ҲǸһ˵ӻڵĵĵ꣬һͼȥˡ
Ҫô˵𣿡
ү뷴һ뵽ټĵı£벻ʲô԰Ļ
ʱʼ˵ͨͨСζڶˮǲ򵥰
˵ǲôĵҲڱҩɣ
˺Ȼ廰ѭȥǰ̫£վߺͲ񼪡ݵĻǸϽεذƿ
ټ˵鷳ˣû°ɣ
үܳȥӭС顣ɫ·ӳ£ټԭޱȲ԰׵ɫЩ͡
үл˵ǿԵȥ𣿡
˵ϡƲɵüëүҪ˵ӣͰѵ½ƹֱӰλ˴Լճľӵķȥˡ

2

߽оűסɴһСǮơ    
ͷ᷿Բ£ϽĴšʼѲˮ͵̷ŵǰľʢģܻӭĽ󵤺ɽӡ
˵űԼʱԹĵģ͵˲ӣڼţȻúܣˡ
£ټܴųǲװүߵʼֱʵ˵
⻰߿ЦճȻܷټˣȽϺá

˶ܥĴȥ˵סʱűĹ˵ϵİӡ
ûɣүæʡ
ߵͷȻúúõģžͲٰѵصڵϣת˱ĵط
ݷ̾űŮͰ˵˾岻ãҲġڲء
ܹϴɣ̫ˡΪʲôټүһأ
һʣݵļ̳̾һͷҲƵŲŲӡ
֮ұȥˣסΪζõĵˣ̵Ҳȥˡ
ǣѾϴ𣿡
Ѵͷɥֻ˶Լϥǣүһġ
ʱߺ˵黹ûءҿټʱץ֣ҲĻǡ
ֻҪڵĿ϶ȥһ̫ɣ˼ܲסһӣ
û⡭
үĻش𣬲ͷıŷ
ҲǵģҪǸӣټͲȥˡ
ͷ˵꣬ҴҸˡ޴ûõģʼԾС۾ɵô
ͷǲ˶ܳԶˣ
Ϊһֱûͣ˵ǵõϢҲˡ˼ּѵ㻵ˡøϽӰ
(ͷˣټ֮ءĵĲóԣ·£϶ᱻ˵л)
һ̫ɺ񿴵˽ҪĿ֮£ΪС鵣ġҲֻĸ᷿һķ̸Ǻͻ裬ټʱס£ٸϽ顣
ټ̬ȴһҪү෴ȻҲشү⣬˵˵žֹšˡȻ˱ѡ
Ūټ϶˯áصԷүԲǰ˵
үĻãȻ˺ܶӰӡ

ű˻Ҫ鷳ˣʲô飿
⻰ͻȻڷǡǺүѾˣΧүߡǸһ̫ɵĵףȻûʲôûסڳݵ˺ֶѡүҪһء
űСвƲܹϰȵ˵ǰרĹ͹Ƣܱ꣬޴ҲǺ˽⡣鷳ҵһ˵
үôһ˵ϴӷʧˣֻơүǸ΢Ц
үಡԴϢԴеһعˡÿү֪ʲô飬ǾͲҹȥ顣ǵĸоͬˣȻ˵ʱ⣬Ȼ˵ү۾
үټһҸġʼ΢Ц˵΢΢ӻǺӺšһȲŵүǰ
СԼ󡢼ʼôһЦȻ֪Լүǲɵӡ
Ҳ֪ʲô°
үûгԵġֲ𣿡
ʼδ䣬үϽ˸ӡҪΪСɲܱӽ
(ӻһҭס)
үһ̽ӣһȲ裬ζź£ûҭš
Ҫ԰ӳǺѶȵİ
űԭΪټҲҪŪȻϲȴ̾ϢĺֻԽԽʹࡣ

3

ǵĵϵغܿˡңү׼ֳ᷿
үǵһǵһɣ
ϲһ̧׷үʡ
һ̫Цͷ˵Ȼж鵽ʲôˣ
ܵ佱ʹͦССţ˶ԲԱߣ鵽顣
űԭֻǸ𹤣ȴܹסԼķ˵Ϊ˴ʡ
ѽ˰
űϲģҲһβ䡣˵绨˲ʣȴһͷȽܴӱͬϷ֮ǰЩǮһҲˮꡣ
ԭͷȽһЩǮͿһ𣿡
үһãȻԱߵĻǲɿЦá
ү²ʿٺ»ÿÿء
Ҫһʮ׸磬ʮʣʣµİʮ̸ˮ꣬´ࡣ
˵űѲˮ꽻һŮ˹ԼȴԺ֡ǸŮаɣмɫ
ӹǻģǵڶϻҰºСһڵģǳ᷿ĳ͡
ڰɵĹ£ˮϡϧȥ궬죬ܸɵŮ˲ˡǾűѵˣǸʱʼ
ŶҰºаһж
˵ţһֻˡڿкϺ£һûȤӡϸë˫ȣм¶һŹ۾ţڷүֱߣүŵİӷŽԼȻ۾˴
˵м˾ھűס
𣿡
ŮͰ˵ȫݡűǡġ
Ŷ
Ǻүһۡű˵ҲǺƽ˺ûдʲôֻܸһˡ
͸òЩ˵˰ɣ
ҵĺðְҲдˡ
үĻӵֶ˵۾⣬׷׵ͷ
һˣүֿóһѳԵοʹңơ弦յĲˡ⡢ţԼʳ˲εζڴҵıǼƣҪʼˡ
һϯ׶ʱȺȻˡ
үסˣһڻߣֻתС飬һ䣺
ټˣõû
ţѾöˡллټ˵ţ¶ı飬ͷʣôôԵİʲôʱθڱôˣ
үûش˵к֣ܶҪϯ׾ϼһ˿ӲЦݣкû緹ߡ
˯һ˰ɣϲԵĶŶ
̫ˣ
ټү£Ƶݸһʢ׷ʱͷһ
Щᣡ
ʼôһ˵ټЦ
ôãҲ𣿡
ᰡͦء
װͿټ˵ү͵͵ذһʢż弦ӲصϡʱӷĽһֻ֣ѸӡʢźͷСӡ㡢ƺҲһһˡ
ټԾ˵һ̫ɣθںܺ
Ҫ㰡Բܳ
ˣүҲƺһȥɡټ˲עΧС¡
һ̫ɣűҼҵġټ˼ضŻ˵ϲԵĺղˣûӡǸͷֻҪڶڶ׼ﱧԹ˵ôѳԵĶҪǮǲ񻰡
ص˵Ļ湻еġ
ĻټЦ
ǣǼһ淳ˣе÷šͷֻҪһĵģԹ滳ԴΪ֣Ϊÿλרĵġ
רĵģ
ټҪܿүԾĿ⣬ͷϸ۽ǻ⡣
ǹ˵ģǸлϲԡôԹһֱĵġмѽ
ŽѶʱټҲô޴˵ġͷүԵټĵģζİӣÿζ򡭡
ͷ֪ټԾűкøУֲ֪ô˾˵Ϊ
ܴų֤ͷҲ˵˲ٺû˵Ļٸɵ㣬϶ûô׷ųͷ˶ŵ˵Ҫұץһ̫ɾͻᵣĵòڴϡĻᱻݵԹ
ǵûܵ
Ц
ûǮһ˵ľⲢûʲôֵġĴ̼ңڸ滨Ǯ㣬ʶҲߵͬǶ鷳
үѿЦ˵ʲô˸ҹǮǸ˶ϵһлǮѽ
ǮûʲôûǮ鷳ء
ƴһǮƵĴһˣһֱ޷ġĨҵķӲ֣здڲͬĵطֿ⣬õǮֻҪû¾СǮ˼ָ
Ϊ˾űˣҲΪԼϣܿ    
˵꣬ټ̡ʱͷϴ˵һ졣
󰡣Ͻҩϰɡ
⻰үֻֿЦţͷǡӣټطٸ²̫㣬ү̾˿
ϣǺܲˡүΪˣƢҲЩꡣƼүҲһŭݡ

4

Ǳټˣ
仰үĿͷټǺүᣬƴ뷨
˵éһԲʯͷһӣڷʱ򣬰ĶŲһ£ϵʱøͷٲȻͰĲ軻ɿ֭
ÿүƴֹټе죬Ǳ¶٣鷳ʱ䣬ȫǺÿүȥСʯͷװټȥźѺȵҪĿ֭θڱøˡ
죬Ѿˡ
Щһ뺦ү𣿡
üͷͺһصһȭ·Ǵӵص´ģ᷿淢ۼһǱöᡣ
ү˱ѡүɫƣͷټЪˡ
ϣǺ׼ټ֣׷үҡӭǵĳ
Ǹټ͸òʯˤ
Ǿǡǿ߹Űӳȥģû뵽ҵүšⶼټĴ
Ҫٲϳȥƶܺúú
ܺ׶ı飬ԲϱԹôҲղסʼһֹ֣˴ҵĳ֡ﾲ֮ӻͳһֽøڱү
ǡűݵ
űûн飬͹ˮİҲûкӡҪ˵ݣֻһСܶúѹʴһӡ
үԾؿֽϵסַ˵ʼʱͦæģʲôʱѽ
үĻʼ΢΢ЦǡʼòãǴ˿ûбɶˡ
ҿɲЩһûлѵʱ䵽׷ټܡ
ǣҪټүȥͱ뾡ѾűµﶼЩᶯӵļһ
һ˵ͻˮݵ͵һҲϽʧˡ
Ҳȥġ
ߣ֧ʹǰ
˵ţҲ׷ʧˡ
үһĻǣʵű˵Ĵģ𣿡
Ҳˡ϶ġ
űмӴ޸һ˵ƣɻ˼ﾳܲãÿȥӼҶΪǮӴΪ˺Į˵űˣģ˵½ǮԲûˡ
дȻʮˣԶһˣһĴʱС̷˵˵ԼǾ˾˵ļ̳ˣҪܹõűĲƲͺˡ
Щ˺ûʲôζүſϣü˵
νҲɡүݲҲǲһֱүǾܹһͰӹ̳гˡ
ÿʱ򣬿үúúõģǿɶһźء
˻ǵĻүֻЦʵǵ˼ǣıƺ𣿡
ʼûлش𣬶ǰѷֽС鰸ᵽм䡣
һǾͻʱ˵ɡ
ֽд˼Ӵ˵֡īֵУضһɱű˵֡
űҡģܹˡݣӴʹиˮİɵĶ죬ԼŮͰֵŮƷ
ڶʱ֣Ѿˣۼݵ᷿翪ڵĲңһ͵СټѾ͵͵ػصñݣʱ᷿ڡ
үߣΧһԲȦ͵еر꣬ʼһذдֽϡ
첻Ǿűĺӣɻŵʱĸ㻨ǮҵͿǮӡ˵ģ˭Ҳûú
ǵ˵ĸԺóܾűиףҪǮ˵Ӽ̳и׵ĲƲȻ
ŮͰֵŮƷ˲ãȻֻʮ꣬Ѿɫվűˡ
ҰºеĻүҪҶͣסˡ
űͰ
˵쵽֮ˣȰƷ游ءƷϣҲɹѸ
ˮ̡ı档ΪһֱעǱ˽¸˶һ
űƺһ㣬ȻƷͷ֬ȴʽлƷĿϵȵС֬ͷҲǶֵġ
һϵȵֵ֬һˮ̡ǸŮ˵ֶ岻ѡʵϣƷһֱ˵ԼǾűӣҪŲ
ߵүϥǰֻСץү·̧ͷ˵˵һЩͲþűļһãүѡһ˵ְɡͿԽˡ
Ҫһ֣Ȼ¾ղ˳
ֻһǲǺܿϧ
ǵġָ̡үһʱ侹֪˵ʲôá
Ҫ޴ֻͬһ֡
үôһ˵Ҳû취ˡȥˡǰһʣͷ˳һĸΪʲôȴֻҪһأ⣬ֻʱ齭Ҳû֪𰸡

5

Ȼ֪еʲôȷǣűȷʵж
үʬĻߡݣкܶԣĵڣһȥʱٻһЩӣͷȻˡ
ټô죿ٱץȥɣ
˶ܥĴ˲ûжסټү洫ټүɱ˾űĵ˴Ѿùˡ
үһĵɫЦҡҡ˵űΧ̰ܶͼǮƵˡűûѾĸΪԼӦü̳оűļҲôܿɰɣ
(Щġ)
Ȼû˵Щ˵֣үѾˡ
(Ȼű϶Ϊɱץ֣ټͱӡ)
ǰ죬ټص˾ΥļңԤһ⵽ֿӻ˳ݡ
˵ɡ
ѾĸҶվǲ֪ΪʲôӺȻʹұбţһ졣ߵڵϣˤһ֡үĿɿڴ
ͷˣû°ɣ
ۡҺȵʲô
үһ룬һԲԲСʯͷڹ϶Ϊ˱ټĹ
ԲҲ֪ôֶ
һǸүͷҲ뿪ˡ߸ʧĽͳ˼ЦúܿĵС
ѽͷһǴ˵
ңҲ˵Ը𣿡ү𱸵
ʼķʲô£ɱݺݵضŲ֪ڸĵǡ
СʯͷָǵԴ˵ͷ˵ҲˣҪүˤˣô죬ţ
ʼô˵޴Ҳ̫ˣǰɣүЦ
Сɢӣʼƴ׷ϣۻңү֪ôֹǡȻһɫ֦쵽һ̫ǰ
ʲôѽ͵У
Ƕ˽ǰڷ̳ϵġүҲɣ
Ż͵С֦߳΢ЦүԱߡ
ھűġ֪𣿶˽ǵĶԺ
˵űǱֶģ
үĿӣ͵еɫ
Ҫҩ֮ĳҩܿͻǰɣڻ鲻еʲô϶ֶ
֪ʱѾҶ˵ڣ˴˵͵С
үűԺﻹֶء
˵߹šֿͷ׷ϸһƣ⻬һҶԣԺﳣֲ
ⲻ𣿡
Ҷϸ˺µĻͻж
Ŷ
ϤĻҲɱˣүһ
֪ô˵ģҲ׷׳᷿йظֻݵϢ
˵ݣűﻹŽ۹ء۹ȻƯȴкǿĶԡ
Ұºл䣬ˮ̡ͽ˵˵ˮɾ͸ˡ˵Ҷӵ²˳ȥ̧ȥˡ
Ժﻹľء˵ֲҲж弧Ҳ˵
ű˶ݡ
ԺֵĻݶжǾ᲻ֻɺأ
үüŻ裬ԱߵĻ˵
˶ҡҡͷ
µпܣűڽУԺֻаƴôܾۼôжĻݣ
űǱֻݶأ
ʹ˶ݣǾ鷳ˡүƲֵ˵ÿҩĴ򽻵ȥĻҲǼʬֻƲжˣȴ֪ʲô
ҲɡҪҲ
ʼ͡ȴܲмؿơ
ôÿ컹ҩġ
㵽ҩҲ֪ûЧǣ͸ĲƵġ
ǺָʼõسǻӻȭͷƾչһС磬СǾ֨֨ҽţˤڷĽ
ֲǾӴҩʬ壬ôܹжϳеֶأ
ѻŭˡƽÿʱүǳԲǲ֪Ϊʲôֻ˶˼ţһ仰Ҳ˵
ôˣү𣿡ʡ
үûлش𡣻Ҫȥ׼ҩͷڶͷϵֽүһ仰ͣס˽Ų
Ĳ
˵űǸͷβĶͽ
Ǻ˵ʲôϵأүҡҡеĶ˽ǡ
ȻжҪĻݼӵʳУҲ̫˰ɡ
˵һʱűܲҲ˱̰ͷθ˶
͵еĻүͷǡ
вʵǮһҲˮ꣬˵űܴԭǸ𹤣ҲǸСųˡαι¶ҩΪʲôȴûǣ
˭͵ĵĸо岻ӦûʳϱСİ
ͣʼƺ뵽ʲôü˵űҵԺΪʲôô඾ݣֲĿŵصԺɶþűȥѶʳдҡ
˻ƵĻү۾
ʱĸȺȻˡүһϽվ
һ̫ɣҴӼĵģϴ˸㡣
ټһۣһ֪ټĸģ϶Ϊ˴лүӡ
ѽô
үЦ
ۿ֣ҲͶ㵽ĽˣʼүһҲ֡
æҵ͵СȻڻΣ±ڶϤټǰǺ鷳ټٿڿе磬Ǿ͸ˡ͵ƴܻԼԭصȴ˱ˡ
ǷǳţǰͲˮүϽһ
ټӺΪѵؿ˵ǲ˼ܲסһʱ䣿
ÿסʲôʱסʲôʱ򡣵ô£ٸǲ𣿡
ټһŭ
ǲٻɣΪűǱģкܶΪİϡ
߳ټĵû⣬ûеָټǡ
Ǿôġദô꣬㲻˵Ҳܿǵ˼
Щһϼʵذοʵȴ̥ټ֪ǵ˼еر𱯰ɵó̾һ
𣿿Կô
СĻүֳ˼
ڳݣΧ˶ү̬ȼֱȰϵȰǻҪۣЩĺĻֻ˵ټĻү뵽ʲô
һԹټվ׼Լ䡣үȻʵűȥˣʧ𣿡
ټ̹ʵصͷ
ÿģҪĺܾãȴͻȻ֮ûˡ
ټˣгϡǸΨͼ϶ͽټ˸ˡ
ټһߣȿֺسˡ
һֱüͷү˵˶ãټͿԻؼˡ
ô˵֪ű˭ɱˣ
̱ӵĻơԼ͵һ붢ү
Ϊ
ʲô
ȥһ¾űҵĻɡ

ȻԻ⣬Ի󲻽ʱͦټ㶵ӣүɫ΢Ц

6

ܲѾϾŵˡ
ͷ߳˳ݡϵǣ᷿һλͷʶĿˡ
޴áҪǻҾҪȥүæӭ
ڻ£΢΢ͷǸԼͷˡ˴Ŷ̹ӡϸͲ㣬ϵ߳ûд࣬ľ
޴ˣλǴӾԽĻׯɡ
ŶҪ²Ժ𣿡
ͷֹά˵صؽ治Ǵ̰
ĸ̲ݵ飬Բġү͵͵һԱߵĻƣ˵ղ˵ׯɾھű˵ԺֻݵĹ
˱ϣͷһӾ׹ˣҲʼ˳ûȥá
ׯɣ޴ǰ˵һ飬ΪЩʲô𣿡
ʮǿ׳Ļͷһľ
Сľ۹ˮɡ˽ǡɳž顣ˣһࡣ
ͷЩݶж
𡭡
˵ϤĻݶжͷһҩү˵Ļֲòš
뺦űԺô඾ݰɣ
ͷɫøϾ
ǲ֪Ϊʲôүȴûеͷׯɣ㵽űԺֲľ˭
ׯ̻شȻǾűˡ£Ըúϸ
ŶǾűԼֶݵģ
ϡ̸ûټȥ֪Ľ˶ѡүׯɵĸ׷ȥˡ
ͷˣθں̫ð
ү˿ģһ࿴
⵽ô£űѵɱɱүΪû֣𣿡
ŲͷԻ󲻽ӣүŻС̣˵ǵģͷˣɱϸ룬һĻǵľְ
ͷӲϻµķһʱž

Ҳ˵ô£ű֪ԼˣɱļΪ־ΧЩм䡣
죬үļ£ԾѵߺʹӲ뿪ү벽һ̫ȥ˾űҡӲ󣬵óԺӶĲãȥھűмǰĻ⡣
һͷβĶͽ̰ӽԼһǮ
Ҳűߵ˹ĵĲˣǮүһԺĻݡ
ÿʱ򣬾űﺬ϶ݡڶ˽⣬ЩҲδһӾءԭűݺˣ治ɡ
Ϊʲô岻ʡǣʱŵȴټĵġô˵ȻϺ
ƶǶһã
(ү˵űʳԺлɱ᲻̫أ)
Ҿãű˼ܣ϶ʼĩдˣǾǹдµֽġ
үĻվھűм䣬ͷţ֪ô졣
ݵĽм˫۾ؿǡ
͵͵СԹͷǸ
ǰүſֽܻĶȥңı弧ҵˡ
¹Ҳĳи϶Ȼֽ֮Ķлأûֽó
үóȻ˾űҡ
ֽأָԼǲˣүҲùؽ룬Ϊܻܿ˻ֽүαġ
ͷӦûһΣǡżȻءأ
үüš
ʱǼˣǲõĲͷ߸عͷʲôСĲǿӣʵʵˤڵء

״װվȣһΣһָƵǸ¹һ졣
(ô̫ˣ)
үȻż¹ѾˡȻˣֻܼȥ
ǹҵѽ
үװˣһ¹ѸٵذС˳ϡߴһ
һӣҾ߶ˡǲ̫˰
ͷ˼ЦţŻȥʱүװܳԾӡ
ףͷˣʲô
Ŷ
˳үָķ򿴵˳Ļء
ȻүƽʱŲţƽؿǿֻһŲǶľܿͰֽóˡ
ǡűдءүܾղ˵ſܴڵֽ
𣿡
̨ʵڹڼˣûϷ޴˿δ졣
дԭίټͲٱЩˡ
ͷˣⶼĹͰ
ͷݵһñӣɫϽֽ֪ǲΪŽͣͷЦݣͽһֱߡһͨ졣
ͷˣô£ǲҲµò԰үĵʵ
ͷи¾ЦЦ˵ǵģصİȷʵ˵һѽү
ȻΪʲôǸ鰡
һƵʣͷñ
űүû뵽ĴءǸһӷڳѹϿʯͷ
ͳˣھűʬ¶Ѿˡͷˣ뷨ɲôŶ
ڲͷ˻ƵĻƵĵү߽ǰȥ˿ֽҲȡ
˳Ծűŵ˴˶ء
ЩľűԭίдֽϣΪŵưһʼͿ˾űľ֣ǾӮݺ˭֣ǾűӮץ֣ڽһзֽӮ֮ΪűɱĸһӶ㲻ԷűӮֽ˵ҪŲָǼģ˵ĸоǷֽ͡
űһȥˣˣһѡ
һ߷߲ƽӣүóˡ
ô˵ֽ˾Ļµ˿϶ᱻһԵõ͡ͷѾˡ
Ϊټһúݵ˵׵ġ
ͷӧ֮ЦҪϽֽµ˿Ȼ˾ĽͣǸϽ뿪˾űҡ
űȶĳ԰
ûˣǴӽ˳ǰүϥǵ˱ȿֺ߿ȥ
ӣүЦ˵˾䣺Ҳűֻܲ˱ˡԼˡ
įįԼˣܲˡҲűѾԼǼļһ˵˯ţô塣
ټ˵űˣеŸУȥį
ű֪ټĵĺѳԣһδȥ鷳Ŀʼݺټ˵϶˸еܿ֡ԭֿô򵥡֪ټڵȥҲ֡еζһҲһͲĻ
үǣ̾űҵСԺȥ
ĲľǸðǿĻ䣬ɱ˵Ķҩ
ԺƬɫ֪뷨޵ķҡҷ

հĲ

1

ߵңľͰ̶ݵĵſڣءصһСһĶһͬذʱһںۺۡǸСڴ۵СԡͰͣƽЦǺǵ֮סˣеǰĻƽ
ʱüͷϰﰢȾ˳
ʲô°˳µġľͰôɡ
ݺѵһٺƶĬСԡͰȾ˳ǵ߳俴ȥȻⲻǰΪʲôû˵꣬Ⱦȫ˷ſڡ
èССͷմӵصƵģ۶ŰȾ
֪ԷԵӶҪʲôоһҲð
ƽӹŮͰݹķ룬Ͱ͵˵
(ոʰɾЩѪƽθǹǿġ) 
Աߵ֮Ǹһ˿Ц⣬ƽ顣Դﵱ֮󣬲Ӧ˵ǴСʼ֮ͲǵԱ
(Ҳû취¡)
ӹƵ׷֮Ͻ̲˰ñĶӺܿ͹
СèĻҷʱϰڰſҲɨɾˡǺŮͰڳĵذϣŹ˵
ݹ涨ֻܳ׷һͷǸܲˣپֻм̲ˣʳǳ򵥡ʹԷڻ˵Ϊֵڴ֮һϰһݳԣʱڿЪܼӣԡ
˵Χèɱ˭ɵİΪʲôҪô
֮Ļƽŷͷ
̫ˡֲӣǰɣ
ȻèɱͷģǵһΡ
ӦѪġ϶ǳҩ
ˣ˵ĶԻڶԷĵ´ɱסǡҲ룬Էʱ˵ѪܵĻ⣬ܲˡ
´ɽʮˣǶݵƹ񡣶ݵϰŲ£̳˸ǸļһԺ֮ǰд˵ݾͿλܸɵƹš
ɱץ֣ϰ϶ݡпͷˡŷ̾ϢϰʢĻǷйڰϡ
ľͰ̶λڽǱӺش˵ĸۡʲôӣϰ򸾡үС֮⣬ֻƹƺһŮ͡
֮Ӱ꿪ʼӣ¾ͶʮˡΪûлƣҲ˶ƹ񣬻ѧͽݡʹһֵĻƽҲһֱֻǶƹûȥ
ڶݣûгͷصϣϰ򸾻صŻ˵Ҫôˣ̫ˡȥҪԼ꣬Ρ
Σܻзԡڶ뷹¶֮֮һЦ˵ҳԱˡȻСϡͰѾˣƹҲԲϵݷ
ҪɱèҵͺˣϰͲôɧˡ
֮ƿӣƽ˵Ը˳һ£ҽΪƹ񡣡
Լյ϶ƹء
˰Ļֻ֮һЦȷʮ˻ֻǸСѧͽûӡ
ֻҪţһתˡһֱ֧֮ȹûϣӡ
𣿡
õ϶Ļش󣬰ʰ÷˵ơѾˣҪǲ˯ϰֻᱧԹ˷˵͡
ڶݣʲô¶涨ġ

2

(Σ϶ġ)
֮ס
֪ôģصСʱ¥ļҡϰ̲˺СɽƵȺ׷֮ߡ
(ҪڼΪͶ˳ô׷)
ĸȥԺ֮ûѪԵϵ֮ϵú΢Ȼû򣬵Լң֮ҲҳԵ뷹ĺʱһ䡣
ȻɵľͰĸ֧ţȴĸ״֮ǮġȻ֮رͳȥѧͽҲɵܼ̳ܵˡ
(Դӳ˼ţÿЪʱûȥ)
Ҳûȥ֮ԼмҡΪʲôֻأ
(ⷹ㰡Գ)
ţȻַͰԱһˡ
˲֪ʲôʱֵģϸƵĳӣµı١泯ţ
Ƕݵү뼪𣿿ǹӵ°ڿ·ҲӦúܹ󣬶СүǴġ
ʣλ֮òʵ
ûлشԼʶôˡ֮ɻţȻ̧ͷ
(Ѳǳݵġ׵ܵ)
֮Ͻ۾ôҲ˵
(ǴδıͬĸĵܵܣŵĴ̼ҳݵү)
ŽԱߵķ˿ȤͰǶû򿪡ãվ֮߳˷䡣
ԼôҪĶӣ֮ɵȻ˼ҲҪôҲûйϵ̲֮סʢһ롣
ȻļУ˻ӡ֮æ·롣лûֹֻͣ͵ʢһ뷹֮ȴо˴
˼ҲˣҲ˵ԱĻˡ벻Ҫٽˣ
֮ƴ󣬵Ǽûֹ֮ͣߺͣ£ȴʱǰһ³¾ɵǽ

һΰ
ӱıǸС䡣ڵƽȥéޣûڷ쵽峿ˣֽ΢΢Ű׹⡣Ȼû׷ͷϺġԾǣȻˣʱиŮڼС
ԭجΡ
ȻƣҲܷβܡ֮Ͻ·һƬ谵Уķȥ
ڶԱߵԺһھ
֮ԺʱˮŮ͵ھߣͣš
ôˣ
֮ߵߡ
ôֲڵָžʲôҲ֮ͷ˹ȥȻҲһ
ʲô£ôô
ͷȥƽڳ
ɱһֻèѾǵڶֻˡ
֮ҲЦˡƽĻü߹òҲ̶õèʬ屻һ֦ţˮͰУһò˩ţˮͰ
̫ˣƽӳԾתΪŭȻסˣͷ֮Ͱ͵ʣҶƵĲֽ𣿡ָǿͰϳѪ߰ߵĲ
Ŷ֮һȷǺϤĻơ֮оٵĲèԼ
ҶƣȻǡԼ϶ᱻɡϵᷢʲô¡Ѫ߰ߵĲֽϰﰢȾĬ֮еƽĿѾ׶һԼϣؽھߡ

⵽ô£ΪʲôĶڱɱèϣ
ڿ֮ǰϰ򸾺ͻǶڵذϷɡֽŵèʬѪ߰ߵĲֽ
Ⱦġֻ֮ʵʵ˵Լʲô֪
ɱèԲԣ϶ǵġȾѾ϶֣֮˵ܲвƽͰèϡҪԱҪͷأģ԰ɣǱɣ
֮û֤ݱԼ޹ġ·ҹ䣬ͬݻ˯ƽΪֽƽҲɵؿ֮
(ȥҶΪɱġ)
ƽȥѲɱֱܵͷϰŭ
ʱһ벻˳ֹ
ĸףʶ϶֮Ҳ̫ˡ
ݳģǴҶС¹ƵĳͷС㰢ס
׳úĸװȾֻʮ꣬ü仹ûƣͦɰںɫͷӳ£ͬһʢĻ
ǰɣ֮
Ȼ俴С΢ЦĿ⣬֮ɵеҡֻаԼȻܸмš
ΪʲôҪСѧͽŮĻӶӵϰʵ
ĸߣһ벻Ļ
èɱ£ȫ֪ʱ˯ɵ˵룬ɱֻèӦͬһˣֵķƣèĲһܲˡ
ôһ˵˶ͷ
û飬׽˵ɱϰ˵㣬ҳͷ֮󣬾͸һĸףǵðɣ
Ⱦ޻ĺ첼Ȧûгɹ
ӰʧٵɱмԼаʱ˵һǵæʱ֮Ǹʱڵ𣿡
ôһ˵ƽһԼϥǡ
ڡȷ翪ʼͺæһֱڵ
ƽ˵æ޵ĹûС׵۾Ź⡣
ǿ֮ûʱɱҲ˵֮ɱġҲ֮
Ц˵ҶƵĲֽСԼĻŮдʵطˣȾõسĬš֮ĵлףصͷ
Σ׺㡣
ȻѾˣ͵Ϊֹɡ׼׼Űɡ
Ĳϰ壬ƹ´ɡ⻰Ƕվ
Ⱦһػ֮ǰַԸ֮ǰȰèʬ崦ˣ
ߣ̫ŸλƽɧûûˡһԺ˸ӣܿһС֪ʲôطժһҰջƷ档
ղŰС˵üֱ̫ˡСͦõĹǰƣ˵ֻ֮ÿЦ
Դ³ȥдϷ鲻һֱܺ𣿰㲻֪𣿡
Ѿ˽ˣСõԭ϶ֹ
˼ǰ׶֮˼԰εΪ֮ĵм̫˽Ⱒˡ
(СϲһĻơ)
һ£˵ҪͶݼ̳뼪һݾͺˡ֮뵽ҡҡͷƽؽţѾȫ˸ղӶؿ֮
㻹Сĵɡ뼪үÿοС˵ɫܿ£֪ε£ô롣
˵ʲô
ݵĶ뼪ʮ꣬ΪĸװȾ簮̶򣬴˽Ҳܾн˺ܲģôǻչõˡ
һС˻飬ݾʹȨˡ
ƽĻЦˡ
Ҫǿ뼪үݽûʲôָˡСиŮͺˡʵƽҲǵ˵Ҳүء
С
˵ʲôأ
֮˵ĶԻüͷܵµүȻԵõعӣ뼪ҲˣǶݵڰ׳֮ǰ뼪һֱΧˡһ뵽ԼҲӵķΧڣ֮ϲɵøεЦݣʲô°

4

èھ߱ɱһ£Ѿ죬֮Ҳû˵èɱƽͬһ̶ˮ֮еᷳ
ȻԴ뼪һֱ֮
ǰӲڵãȴЩڣʱڵתơװһµӣȴΧ˺ơ
϶ģǱϡ˯һ˯͸һҹʱкüβ㲻СĲȵ
ɵӲŻɵ¡̰֮ɣҪү̳УǵƵĶġ
ʱֻҪϰһҲڣҾͺ޹˼ɵذ뷨˵Ҷ뼪ԽԽͣһĲֵȻһ뼪ȴ벻¡

ɱè¼ʮһ磬ڶ·ϣͣһӡ
⼸죬ֻҪ΢е紵ݶϰͻ󶯸λ֮Ͻȥô¡ηȻԵõس̡֮ǰһԭǴǱߵһ˵˼š
һݳ޵£֮ûһ˭ҵĹͣһʱȻԱߵĲݴж⡣
ǡ
֮һһСĶһоŵտյƬɫԶоǴˮ׳һֱȥңⶫ⡣
ǲ𣿡
ϸԲεһоµΣһϸӡ
ӦǸ׹ӡ˭أ
ܹأӦòǸС
ʿҵĶ𣿻ǡ
ѵλӵ˵ģûп̼ƣǼҾԣС֮ҵʧٻȴ˻ӺŻص֮ɵͣס˽Ų
Ժһ䣬ƹ´ɽղ˵뼪š뼪ڲݴС
(ʲôˣ)
뼪ʲôһȵƹôĻأٿ´ɵһƬ죬ѪӲ˵ϵĿҲɢˡ
(뼪)
һ뼪·ûѪһܺµӣûˡ
ƹģǸء
֮һûлӦû´ӣɷɷ׵ģ۾޵׺ڶûһ˿顣
(öѪ뼪ûˣҲ˵)
֮ȻɱЩè˭
뼪һؼ֮һִ˸ϵ˱ڵõƹ͵͵ɱһĻ
ȰѲ˵£ƹģ𣿡
´ɺ֮΢΢˶ӡʱ֪ǲΪ£뼪зһļС
ȾңҲ㱻ɱˣҿҪˣ
˵ҪˣɽǾ춯ءУƹæ˳ȥ
һ£ƹģҪȥĶ
֪ûװû´һ˳ȥ뼪ڼУ֣֮׷˳ȥ
´ɸյϣĽηΧ
ЪŹܿƹΧסԾشԭصƹСϽʵʵһӡ

ˤڵϣţûзĲ˵
(ֽӲˣŲ)
ηǿɲ֮˵ǵıø׺ݡ
ɱ˷ѵ£
Ǻ׷֮æֹ
ס֣ƹɱġè
èΪɱֻèѪܵİ
֮һ˵ηǵŭһ˲ʧӰ٣ζȻ
ģѵ𣿡
η˹ӡʱҲˣվһ߿š
´ɵͷӵϻѪɫ

5

´ɣΪʲôҪɱЩè
Ķ£ȻҲˣعţҶڿյĵ
ϰżˣ´Żǡ
´ɣ
̾ƹƽʱŰ¶´ɴ˿ΪʧЩ
ףӦøҺòץɱЩè֣ӣ´ɿʲô˵ϰԱߵ뼪ʢ˵˵
˼ǣһжĹ͡뼪ʲôô֪Ϊ˵ĻǶɵ뷢Ц
ƹΪʲôҪ̵أҰĿ⼯еһζĬƹϡϰ¶ᷳ顣
ҪǲشˡҪø˵ǵһɱèƹȥˡ
˵ѵ´ɽšϰĺ⡣
´ڶЧʮ꣬ƹһֱǵĶ
ƽǣ϶øһӣϳȥĻʡһǮ
뵽㣬Ⱦ۷⡣
(ôҲôɱè¡)
֮ͼĽɫССľͰʮ꣬ҲûԼȥꡣ˵ѽ
ʱһ
ĸף´һֱΪǼҲͣΰɡ
ף˵ʲôأ´ɿɱ˰ء
ȾŮ˵
ǿӲİһҲáŮ˵ĳͻϰź뼪仰Ҳ塣
ף֪Ǹĺúӣ죬ⲻСӸò¡
ĸףôѵˣ߻᳤ƵŶ
ף
´ɣԺҲֿµˣ𣿡
ԡԲ𡭡
´벻СôΪԼ˵ڿˡͷ΢΢
ҡеܲһֱֲҲã˯ҲգֻҪһֲͻӰΡԡ֪ЩСǶԲ𣡡
϶ҪƽʱǺ΢Ե´ɵĿС
ƹĻʣ
СҲˡԣ˵СиŮ̳жݡ
ʲô˭ЩҥԵģ
ϰԱ˵뼪ɫܲȻ˶ϽĿ뼪ŲΪһҲϡ档
үѺö¶Ҫ˸ܸɵĹүһʲôأʹˣһֱһУʲô¶ᡣôһ룬Ͳ֪ô졭 
´ɲĿ⣬Ʋӹ֮֮û뵽ε黹Լйأɵɫס
뷨޴ݵȻɸ̳УҪ޳ȥ׸ɴػشЦţԽ´ɿźĻǡ֮ɫӲ԰ˡ
ҪھͰѵ´ɴˣǸװɡ´Ҳûϵ
Ůôһ˵ųĬֺòϰݵİȾһʱ֮󣬶ݲƽ

6

Ҵһ°ɡص󣬵´ɽ֮һСֽҩҰǰڷЩèԡ˺̵ܶ¡
´ָ֮ЩҩԶüˡ֮ССֽŵԼİ
(Ҫǵˮֲ̫ˣԿ϶ˡ׸ôأø˭úһ¡)
֮ƹӵЩΣյĶҩ顣Ѿ˷ˣҲûбҪȥ޷ƵɱýȫھǰԼ
ҲԲ㰡Ȼ֪ʹС˻飬Ҳˡ
´ҲԼͰ׵Ĺϵ֮æҡͷ˵һΪƹءСǸҪǿˣǸݽǮ͵λ˵ġ
ҲôģСȷܺã𣿡
´ϵһ¶Цݡ
ǰ˵ҪŮ̳жݣȴ˵Ҫ޳ȥСѾϲˡҡ
˵꣬´ɾصͷ˷䡣
(ˣƹ񣬾û¡)
ȻԼǴô˵֮ҲһĪů֮ƯŮӵЦһվڷɵеĳȣЦһֱ޿޼ҿɹ顣ȻܸԼ˵һʱתһ죬ǳеΥ⣬ءů֮ģָͨͨ̿ģ졣
(ǰһӲôùġ)
۽Ứ֮Щ˼
(ֲСˡ)
磬ƽȥˣڷ֮ҪҪҲȥãȻʶﻹһӲӲĶͳһϱһƬտɫһ
(ѽȫ¸ˡ)
һֱǲӵĿ˵Ķôһ֣ȥʡ
æܵſڣѾӵӰˡ
񡭡Щη˵Ǵŵһλˡ
Ȼ֪˭ǱӦû̫ĽУηǣӦþҵʧ
(û취ýŵҲ磬ϳӦҵУҲص)
Ȼ¶˾ģΪ˼ҵﵱƣûϰܳԶţֻ֮ȥϰ塣
ΪʲôҪ´ɣҲס
ߵ£ԶԶؾϰķﴫϰﻹû⡣
(쿪ʼƹӻѹһˡ)
߽֮ǰȥȻͣס˽Ų˵ˣһ벻Į
ĸףҲ˵Ҫ͵´ɣֻҪɱֻè޻ϲ͵ˡû뵽ɱˡ
޷ţǸسԼ΢ЦСΪʲôҪ˵ĻղǷѾƹ
֮ôҲ벻ףһʱϡʱش˰׵
£֮һĹ̫ˣС
Ϊ֮ĻģŰ´ɵģ㡭㲻ϲ֮˰ɣ
ϰֲ
ʱ״ЦЦ֮оڴ챻˴ͷһˮ
ᣬôô˵ôῴһССĻأ
ǵȻˡǣΪʲôô֮أ
ϰѾˡ
ĸףǵϸȥϷ𣿡
Ȼǵˡǻغܿİǰͺϲʮˡ
׺Ȼת⣬֮
ϷҾȥŷľ˼һЩ̼ңһһôɡԽĴ֣꣬ﻹϷ԰ӡ
׺Ȼͬڽߺʹûȵģǽߡӵǰ߼ܿũ
һ˳ݣǿǸ̼ңǶû˼ұȵġͿķӣֱ̫ˡԱߵҩҲǳݵġ
ݣǲ֮ĵ𣿵ǣ֮Ӧûκιϵܼ̳гݡ
ȻȾ˵Լףսȭͷ
(ԭ֪ҵ)
Լ͵ݵѧͽʱӦ˵ʣΪʲôҪѳͳŵѧͽ
֮Ǵгݵϰ塣׸һֱûͺͱ˸ӡǲãݵϰԼ˸ӣ֮ĸ׾ʹŻӤ֮޸
ΪʲôᵽЩأЩͷԣܸоʲô¡֮ɵü
ЩҶ֪֮ǱŮĺӡһλҴүһ̫ɣ˵Ǹж
⻰֮ǰֳЦݵӡ
֮ʩȻСݸݵүдţүһᶯģҿ˽ʶ
Ҫ޳ȥģҪܼ޵Ĵͺˡ׵˵Цһ˳ͻƽǸܵģиŮ̳жݣҲԸ⡣
ֻҪ֮ͳݵү棬ͻ佱ң˵˴ĻҲһɶõĹ
޵ŵĴҿζû
ϰﲻŮ뷨ɵ˵ܸˡ
(ǡҺõԭ)    
֮Ҳȥˣ뿪ˡ

7

̶̵ȣԼķʱ˿̣֮ΪƽûСķޱҡ
̫б֮ʲôɣֻһζشţȫ΢΢
ƽûˣ˻˵˻Ȼȥɵ˴ϣôҲ˯š֮¹µĺԺƽʱЬʯϣϥϷŰ
ϰһҵˣˣҲʲô¡ſ侲ĵȴǰҹҪڰҪΣա
(ֻǺ࣬ҿ̣С)
ƹ´ɱԻɥʧǣа·è޶˱ɱֱɵ£κҲˣֻˡǶڵ´ɵ飬֮⣬İˡ
ε飬һһֱˣڽƣʱµĴ
(ţǼ⣬ŻЩ¡)
֮ضա¹ľݶϡ
(СȷʵûɱèһбԶָ̡)
ô飬ϧñﵽԼĿġնֱ֮еġǰ˿ΪܣԼܴ˶˵Ͳҳݣˣͬ޴ĸ磬ĸ
(Ҫ)
֮̾ϢţźڰСԺӡֻ˼ˣûֺúչԺӣӲݴ
(ҪƹǸʮꡣ)
֮ĵײһ˿⡣
(ôʱ䡭ܰȥ)
֮һƬޱ޼ʵĺɫĲš뿪ĻҲûбĵطȥû˻ԼΪһֱڵɻûһ֮ı
(Ҫҵȥѧͽ)
ɾٺڣҲܵת֮оԼһƬƼ
ץסϵİ
(ʲôأ)
ǰ֮еļҵû·ҲûʲôǮʮĻƣõľֻЩһŭ
֮ͷٹ꣬϶
(С⼸ӦþͻдŸݣҵӣδıү׽)
֮ĸûݳٱһǮԱ֤ĸһʳǡ֮Ҳ˵ʱ˫ԼӴԺĸӵһ볤ݸŲءЩǮԼĻŸġ
ֿ֮˿ǽҧ촽Ѫһζ
(һԼΪңŮ˵ϳݵ̡)
ԶٿЦݡ֪֮⿪óСֽ
(ҩֻҪʪˮͰ׾ͿˡϰͻͰˮȿˮݲȵģϰһҡ)
Ļݵϰһ˾Ͷ군ˡ뷨ӹ֮Ժ
(ҹܲôˡ)
ûʲôԣֻôˡ֮Ժֳ︡һ̵ֲ뷨Լ˸ˣһһ򾮱ߡ
¹£֮ҵͳװҩֽ
(֣ҾȻ¡)
ǰһֱΪ²ܷԼϡĸ׻ţҲֹԼָţû˳شֽоһԼԶԶضţϾҪΪһԶ޷ǰ̧ͷ֮ˡ
ߣֽ鷳
֮ȡҩֽʱӻһλðâĶ
()
ͺһƬյ˾ߣڵ¹£һƬտ
Ұˡ
ָ֮ҲȾһӯӯɫʵ̫ˣ֪֮¹¸Ų۲Χ
һжӯӯģô峺
ˮ¹µ磬Ӧþĸоƽľضһ㵭⣬ԵôԺʯͷġСɫĲƷ
¹徻ҹһۻ࣬һжһɫĽྻ֮⡣
ǡ̫ˣ
֮Ҳ벻ĴʣһƬɫ
ô¡
ءأ֮оɫɫӽ¡ؿؽȾһֱͷ

֮һ¶΢Ц
(ǰĺڰԭԻ)
֪աô˻ޣȻе㲻˼û˿͸ĻҲװϵһ⡣
û취ǺǡǺǺǡ
֮żЦˡ
ǿ鲣·Լ
Ȼ֣֮ɢھߵҩʰŻذػصԷ

8

ڶ죬֮ʹǹˡеظܵ˲ĵǷԹ޵Ŀ£Ϊ˲ٲֿµ뷨뿪õѡ
(뿪ĻСҲô˰ɣ)
֮Ű뿪˶ݡ
(ؿ޸ĸƼˡȻûл׳϶ܹȥ)
׼ͷȥһݴʳ޵Ĺ
ȻҪ뿪浽׼뿪ʱкܶ£֪˺ܶʱ䡣û취ֻڸסһȵڶ㡣
ڶ賿컹ûƣ֮Ȼۡ
(ôʱ򡭡)
ɻţȺһԼһܿĵط
(ˣ)
ߵ棬̽ȴһµľԱߵľϴڳССĻ硣
Ż
֮˯ʵĺ̴ӷ˳ڶ̶̵ʱڣĻҫţҹգ˼ҼһݶϡϽܵ⣬ֵе˼Ѿȼˡ·Ͼۼ˺ܶˡ
(ˣܴ)
֮һֲԤУ⽫Ϊһ֡
(ӶľݶһϻǾͻ)
Ӷߺع賿ǰҶ˯˵ˣء
ôˣ
֮˺е˳ȥϵſڣϰŮ뼪֡һ֮ϰϽ˵ãȥһ뼪ɡô磬ȴˡ
ϰԼȴûжرӳȥ
֮ô󣬻յúܿ죬ô𣿻ϰһ𳯶ܰɡ
˵֮䣬ΧѾһɽζݵݶϴˮƵģشŻ𻨡
ߣݶҪˡ
֮סϰ뿪ˡ
(뼪үϵ㵽ȥˣѵˣ)
һȦûˡյʱ֮ƹ
ⲻ֮Ҳ˰
ڸأٲܵĻ
ﻹкܶ˱ͶĿЩɲܱյ    
ƹЩȳԻڵЩ˱Ѿ𺣣ܽȥˡ֮ƹӣӲ档
궼ˣЩ˱𣿻ǸϽϷܰɡ
ֻҪƹû£ܹ¿ʼѾһƬ𺣣ֱţǳܡܵʱֽ֮һͷſƹӡ
ʱ´ɺ뵽ʲô־ֱܻ˵
ƹģٻȥˣѾŻˡ
ҵڷǿȫĲƲ
´ƴܡ
ǮҪҪʲôûСǸҲûʲôˡ
´˵꣬ܽ˴ܵĵ֮޻˵ֻǴؿȼеĶݡ
ǻһǮƹɡǵǮٲ޷ġѮڴʧȥƺ֮أĲѾ˶ĵǡ
(ʲô°)
֮ȴš㱻˿ҲҪȵ´ɣֱնӣݵݶ䡣
֮ûȶá    
ӶݸĻ𣬱ţӵһһʱ漷ѵˡ֮æ֣ԼҲࡣÿɽ˺׳֮ܲϴߡһµĹ
ȥһļͷֺ꣬󣬺ܶ궼ջˣҹ̫ˣʵںѡ֮û취ֻ뿪׼Լҡ
֪ܻӭû·ߡ
ѽҲ𣿡
ϤĽֵһƬ֪һҵȥˣΨһȷģ޼ҿɹˡ
(ô졭)
˾ʧȥƣû֮أҲûǮеļҵֻһССİȥֻܵؤˡ
(ؤˡ)
˵ؤҲɣҪ֮ȥҪǿ϶Ĺûа취ֻüȥûĿĵأû꣬ϴ˼¡
뿪ȼյıߣĵطߣһ͵˻δռĵطߵľƽʱûʲôͬ˶ææµµ֮еһѣΡ
Ѿкܶ˵ѰҰ֮֮ȥ˼Ҽͷ꣬һѾ㣬þҪسţ֮ϵһ֪Сŵ¡룬ûа취˵ɣҹ
(ŵš)
̫Сˣ߹˽Ҳʪģû
(ôأ)
֮óֽȥˮȴһӲӲĶ
ûһƬڣɫ֮ǰ
(һֱû˼ҡ)
һֱĸоС׹ȹ
 (پһ𡭡)
֮ã£Լ֧Ų˼졣ţصȴĵ

9

㣬ſˡֱ֮سǰȥ·ˮʪˣ
ģҲط·ů΢
ˡʹ·֮֮ӽΥų
һ·ȥþͿһš֮ǵһο

(Ǵš)
֮о佩ӲˡŷĴֳǰߣ·߿ȥǼҴ̡
(ĻҪ)
ݶĨҵǽгݵĵʮѾСɨ㣬ѵſɨøɸɾ֮ãôɾĵߣֱһ
δı׾ڳݡ֮룬ٿøװԼһݹ
(Ҳܷң϶֪Ҫˡôĵϰ壬Ӧÿ԰ҽܵʶĵȥ)
֪֮ͣ˽Ųʱܵӣ֮¶ģ߽˻ææĵá
(ڴţ뵽˳ݡ)
֮̾Ϣ
߽ֺ󣬳һƹģ˽Ӵ˵֮ϱ˴ݡ֮ԾģǵĻƸ緹д
(˵ѾһûгԶˡ)
֮سʢ֮󣬷Ͱﻹкܶ෹֪Ϊʲô֮ϽϷͰǣٿЩ׷
֮ûĵķ䡣˴Լһʱ֮
(ͻȻһ벻鷳ˣǺΪѰɡ)
ʲôΪ˵Ҫ󣬳ݵϰҲûаӡ
(ô죿ǺΪѡ)
ڰʾԼϽ뿪֮еסˣʱ˽ŲһӰӳֽϣͣסˡű
Ϻã
һ΢Цӣŵ̡
֮һ˴ϵ秳·ϵŲ֮ΪԼĳݵү
(ôƣΪʲô͵أ)
֮˼֮ʱڶЦſˡ
ãĻֹôء
(磡ô˵˾ǰС˵ү)
֮Ծ˵ûݵүԼ硣ﲻѣһĿͲˮˡүȰ֮ɰǺͻƶĵġ
Щɸڵ̵ļ̳ģûаڶԻͦóԵġ
֮ѾܾûгԹˡԽԽΪ˾ȡԼõĲš
Ǹ׹ӣɫĲ𣿡
Ŀۺܼ⣬һ۾Ϳˡ֮Ѳϸ¶һɫ
үǽӳĴĲǺϲΪʲô֮أ
Ϊˣû뵽ˡ͵͵ȥݵʱġүͷЦ˵
͵͵ȥݣ
ȹԼյƬһĲǳүĶ
(ʱӵĿˣη˵Ǵŵˡ)
֮Ų
ȥ磬˵˵ǴҶ˵̫Զˣ
ȥҾ͵͵ȥˡǺܲɣ粻ڵ
(죬ƹɱè°¶Ժ׷˵⡣죬үصȥ˱硣)
ӶݻصͣӵĵطʱƳӰ˭ִҲý㡣
ǸʱġƲ˵˵ҪôԣֻᷢյġƷ˲ݵɧ
(Ϊ˼ң)
漣ϻ˹ԼԴĸ֮Ҳûˡ
֮۾ֱ㶵ضү
磿֮ذɫ׹ӵ쵽үǰ
˵Լ鲣ˣûз鲣ػԼӵĶû뵽үǺԼѪԵϵֵܣ˵ܸ˺Լ档
(Ҹ磬˰)
ò׼ĻᣬһжүˮѾ̶̲סҲˣǰһжģˡ
磬ôˣ
үִ֮ļϡôůÿӵ׷Ҫůָоذס֮
֮˵ϣ

޵ı

1

һƬڵҹ߲ʱѹֵĿŮԵ֮ڶ
ݵүһ̫ڱüͷ֪˲ڷ
ңүճӵĴкҩ̵᷿ڣûһŮˣ죬ÿүϨ˵ƣ׼˯ʱ͵͵Ŀ˾ú£ү£˯žƶûеһƬУֻүͽõŮˡ
үڱŸôʱȻűҹ˽
(ʱ˭)
үһ׼ʱȻַ֪ʲôʱ
ŵĻƹ⡣

ү˵΢һ죬ƹһ䵽үϡ
ү뱻һڹһ˲ʣоԼ񱻶סˣҲһӶѹʮ㱻ӣȷûһССĶ̤˶ͷϵĶѹүеѣᶼˡθšһţʹ̴ȫо£·ҪԵȥ
Ȼڰ˴̶
ˣ𣿡
үӻоѹƴذӣʹѸϵĶүشһָϽץסӵһǣһߡкöණȥؿˡ
ס׷ʲô°һ̫ɴŴںڰ
һůĵƹ⡣ڵ£үһϤס
ǶԲ𣬰𣿡
ĵʺүģǳݵơ󣬻źܶС硢ĽҵС֡
(ղŲȥģЩһɡ)
ҪǲѣҾ
үǸղŵ³çΪӡڷô֣Ϊܹүֺ˵Ĳ֮ͬ
һ̫̾סղűֲߵԴ
־òҪҪ
áҾûôù
ǹڵġү֪ԼǸŭЦ
ϵģǵڸʲô
Ͼүķ֡
ֵĿºأһ
үಡҪٷʲô£ǾͲˡ
ǿɡ
˵ǳǲǵͬҲһ֡
Ͼͻ֪Σһɵļһ
һ棬·Ǹֵļһ
ǲܣͺһˡû뵽үˣǶԲ𣡡
ô°
Ȼ֪ԭ򣬵ǵĸãû˵ˡҹĿҲǽֹͣˡ
ֻûʲôΣ
ʲô£ˡʼԱߣü˵
ǰġôֹͣˣ˯ɡ
ΪղŵһĻ۵ýƣүһĹǷʱҵĽ䴫һ
ү˯֮ǰܲ˵һ䣿
Ŷʲô°þûˡ
һ̫ɰת硣Ż͵дӻ˳
ֶ˲߱ķÿֵķͬ
ү֪һûһʤʼϲݻ͵жԴ˺ܿ˳ۣͻǵĹϵһ򲻺á֪ԸԴļһ˵ʲôĿض͵С
ֹү˯ʲôĿģ
ûз֡һȺɵϣǸҺúţǸֵүıӡ
͵еĻʼЦ޻̸֮ǸģոµıӣֱܸԶӵ֡
ҿֻķⲻǱùĶ𣿡
ķ˵ǱӵĿȣķҪݶҪ
ϸһȷķıӣұĺͼʱҪһͲò˻ɣǲµġ
ʼע⵽˱ӵ쳣΢ĵƹ£ɫ䡣
ɶԭݣҶ˵үã±ӣ
ûмˣ㻹±ӸǮɣ
͵ץסѱϳЦˡ¹үҲü
ķͦõǿҲûʲôҶ˯ȥɡ
С²ֵó֣һ̫ɼʱֹ˫һԭ򣬸ҪǣӵǼҵʱһԡ
ǲϾʹ˰ݣûϨơµķڣڳ֡
ԭݣλĶĿֵĲ𣿾ȻЦ
ʼش˵Ǹرñӣȥû뵽һ޵ľɱӣǵʲô
ҪŪ򵽴裬ǰɡ
ҪͰһèŵϰԷȥ
²ز졣ʱվӱڳóһӣڵϣ˯Աߵүӱﱧû˵Ž̵ı
ҪʲôҾ˯ˡ̵ıѱģүһӾˣ˵رͷԻ˵ķıӣǱٳˣвУҲҪԭȥԹѾùˣԼûע⣬Ҳд
үǱȦĶˣˡ
ǲذѱӵϡ
ԭݲֶܹѽ
һûܡ
˭ǵ˰
Ȼүˡʼϻش𡣴ƽľٶǺ񲢲ôģϻ˵
Ǿ˵ӵ鵽Ϊֹ˯ɡ
˵꣬һ̫ѣסͷǲʹ˰ݣû˵ͣȻܲԸǰѵϨˡһƬүڰ˯ˡ

2

ĺӡһ̫ɣ˵ƭһɱӣ䲻䰡
ڶϣүȥУҴкʱٱʵ
үæش𣺡Ǻܺõıӣů͡
֪㾭ԲڴһɱӸ㣬̫ˡûϵ׵ԭȥúõظ
òס
ٱԶӷǳ簮簮ֱɰǵĴ󸣱ʱүܲˡ˵εı¼µһ̫ôֹҲġ
϶ʼ⡣ү׼ȥԭ˵Ǿ͹Ķȥ
(£һˣ۶ˡ)
û취ݲݳԹ緹үִҪһȥǴһǰԭݡװѶӵͷ⣬ǰүµͷȴ£֣Ǿղ˳ˡ
ʵ㲻ˣүǵĲѡ
ԭͨĲ꣬ǺĴϵȣѷһԼжʮơڵĻƾнʮ˵ͷӰϲֿˣǧʯڶĴ
˵ԭݵϰΪԼҵͨ겻ܱȣֲˣǳġֻ£үȥԭۣΪ˵ԭݵϰһ൱ˡ
˵ﾭصŭܶСܲȥֻôǹȥĩΪܲôС£һŮͱúóʱҲ˵ˡЩ¾Ϊͨ˲෹̸ʡ
Ӳˣ˷˿ܻᱻŭϰϳȥһϳ꣬һ˵һȫıˣʲôᷢ
үȻಡȴǳݵļ̳ˣܹĻǡ
(û취ΪϢˣȥ˵ˡ)
ϣʿƴϢүţѾԿԭݲɫĳˣһġ
(ûϵԺҲһ֮С£϶Խ¡)
үǱ׺ͻʼţ߽Ĳꡣ

3

ǵĶ˲
ӴһеģԭݵϰɴɡٱСһ֣ȴѷɫ١ΪԼĻ⣬үһʱ¶һֻ롣
СԿһֿ⣬ͨܲãȵҪ
ԭݵϰͲˮһ̫ɿϰǧ棬һΪľֹԼĸװˡ
ݵİΪѩˣǧ˸һ˲ķ顣峿˪Ȼȴ·ʱڡ
ȻɷǰǧȴûЦݣһηӣԭϰüͷӣݵıˣ֪𣿡
ҡ֪ϵ¡
Ҳǰ˶ⴲӵǰ÷Ӧ㸺ġ
Ҳ֪ġǹѾڵˡ
ԭϰ屻ϰĻشŭˣԽԽǿӲ
أصĶϰﱻѹסԽԽСۿŰӱƵֻһǸĵزԭϰڳĬһˡ
ǽ˵ġԵƬ̣ƹȷһ¡
Ŷ
ԭϰӲĻٱ˵
ɷлƣǧһԣ齩Ӳ廹΢΢Ӹŭɷԭϰͷͻִ󣬻һһġ
ƹ˲󣬿ϰӣɫϰȥ
ʺ꣬Ŀһֱϣ̧ͷ
ƹģݶıӵô£
ҲڿǰŬŭԭϰȻߣβһֲĸо
(ҵϰݺݵƹұҪֹ)
һ̫ɽǲʱƹ񾲾ػش𣺡ǵҪɫĺͼ޻ǰѾѱ͹ȥˣǮҲѾյˡ
˱Ҳ͹ȥĶɡӵĺ٣Ͻȷһ¡
ǰԣм¼
ƹ񷭿˱ĵšͻַ֮ͻȻͣ
ô£
ƹûлش
һ̫ɵĵؿƹȻߵͷ
ԲŪˡ͹ȥһķıӡ
ʹˣˣ
ԭϰ˵ţվƹ˱ۿͷͲֱͻֺڵǿµıҿ˶ޡ
(̫ˡ˵Ȼܱ)
ԭϰƢʵ̫ˣֵүе㵨սľ·ŭϰȫɢƹͷһԲ
(ôĻ)
Ϊġү׼Ȱ˵ϰȿˡ
ôƹ񶼲˵ˡˡ
⻰ԭϰ۾󺰣˵ʲôԼĴͷ𣿡
Ҵû˵Ļֻ˵԰һ
ģ
ԭϰĻ˻ҩζȥһĹĵϾҪĴ̴㡣
ԭϰ塭
үҪ˵һɲǣһƵĴ𣺡˵ҵĴ𣿡
һһ̫ŵõ˹ȥ
ָоǽʱ˴ģ޴ܰΧһƬ
(ǰ죬ȴڰһƬ)
оݶ͵ذ嶼ʧˣһƬհסʱԶԶ׵ƴŻƵĽ
(ףΪʲôҪҵְ)
ôʱظ˲ϵ˵ɱҶ𣿡үǹİ
(ô£ڸоܺð)
ô˵ǲ֪Ϊʲô˵
ûκҪү˼
ˣǿаɡϽԴ
үе˵Դʱдһ˿ϣͷתԱߣģģӳģǸ׺ϲ׹ӡԭ֪ʲôʱѾױڻˡ
̱ӡ
Ͱ˵ģǸղŵǸƹʼƹĶ죬ҪȡȻͣ֡
ƴվٱߴ˵أʼ㿪ţһ̫¡
ԭݵƹһĻȡ

˵ĿһӼе˸ڷĵϣٱȲܶ
˵ķ룬һͷѪڵϣѾˡ

4

ԭ£ͷ۰
ͷ߻д̾ϢԴӷǼԺүڴ죬ǵ᷿үġ
ͨλͷĹϽΧڡǳִ󷽵ĳݵĳͣүԵģȻҲүưǽ죬ʺ֮߾һطɧ
һλסƹϲƽױˡȻ֪϶Ǳɱģǲ֪ô顣
ҪƽʱүܻôֹҲһǽ죬һ̫ɺûûӲ硣ȥԭֹ˫û뵽ǳ£ܲܡһֻǵڹ꣬ڱֻ¶һ˫۾
סƹǺ˭Թ˰ɣʼ˵ʱֻһʬʲôûСǱʲôأ
ݵĻһ߰ڷŵ̺ͲˮһĸȤز졣һ̫Բڴʱ򣬿϶һԱչˡ
̾һ˵ȥˡȻܷģθȴһû̾ϢѾţƤǷŽˡ    
ϲƽյ֮꣨עձ25ꡢ42ꡢ61꣬Ů19ꡢ33ꡢ37Ϊ֮꣬42ꡢŮ33걻Ϊ֮ꡣһرҺʵˡΪִ̫ϲҲгҡ
Ҫԭϰ壬вٱɱɡ
˺ˣ
һֱҵһСİһ̫ɣһμʶԭϰƢŵ˹ȥԴ
(ݵǲԭԭˡ)
ͷǲɵøһ˿Ц
ƹ񵽵αɱģһüĿûСҪԼѰᰲź£ǣҡ
ͷˣΪʲô֪ĸ䱻ɱأ
һ̫ԽԽȤ̲סˣӱͷ
˵ۣĵĻü
Ҫʱ̸ϣ̫û˼үһЦݵضƽʱԶ٣ȴĵҪ
뽪ɣȡ
ת磬Ͻȥ
һｵһﰡ
ͷ۾һ̫ڴϣ΢΢һЦ
߲ɵ˵ҪõĻǻߣӲȥȻֻżүͷݵѾˡ϶кܶ˶үôȴôеϧ
Ļү˰ɡ
(Ҳﲻʲôæ)
ͷүϲڴϣܸˡүΪͳûںƢ˵İΧУҲɶաүһδ뿪һδαӻشϡٵģҲ뱻˶Դ
(үһĽ˰)
иƵĲͷϽڻƻ֮ǰشһ̫ɵ⡣

ʱɫĹâϰţҲ˿ˡڳݲµ᷿ڣۼһȺ֡
ҪǷž˾Ͳóˣǿ԰ɡ
үȻڴϣǿذѳԲĵóָҡÿҹܻ֡
ݶǽ໥׷ΧԲԶһᡣԭݵװ̸᷿۵Ļ⡣
ûѪĽĺۼҲûпҲ˵ƹǸ䱻ɱģ޴Ʋһ𣿡
Ǳͷԡ
ҪǵĻϾ֪ˡ
үˮ̡ҵĻһȡ
ܹô׼ȷظо𣿡
ûǸŵʵѪζǶζеʼѽߣ˵ԭʱӸȶƮģ˵ζ
ʱûȣΪ֪ʬ𣿡үʵ
ʼҡҡͷ˵Ѿˣͻ̱ӡҪɱ˷鷳ˣҲС
ô˵ءү̾˿Ϊ󣬿ʼĻȴôѾ֪סƹɱĵصˣ׼ʲô
үеʻǵЦŻش𣺡Ȼ֪˭ֻҪڣʱͿ԰ƹ񱻺ĵصҵ˳һƹͷĵʲô
ǾͰˣҵһ¡үû䣬ǡˮ̡ҰºУͬ͵һʧҹɫСʱǰæǲ
ʼǸʱ֪ˣΪʲôڻûأ
бҪ𣿡طʡΪæͣҪ仰϶ʧʹޡ
Ҫƽţҵͻ泩ܺú˯ˡ
ү̧ۿ˿ơʼ̬Ѿȫˡ
ĻҾŬȥɡܹΪүߵҩƹʬҲﾡˣҲúЦȪˡ
⣬ֲ̫ˡ
ӦѾˣƹѾ˰ɡүſڴϣƹѾ˶֮꣬ôӦ޶һסڵʱǲɼҵġ֮һס
˺ܶͶѾСȢˡ
(ҪûǣңЩ)
үһֱŵղĺڰ䣬صȴǵϢ

5

һˡ
Ȼصݵģϲһҡ
֪ƹ񱻺ĵطˣڲһ䣬޻ﱻϸ֮װǵԱߵķ䡣
ҵС⣬үͻƱ档ԲԱߵС鰸ϣ׼õֽϻǼӵλá
ʱһ˵˵ʲôɵأƹڲֿǼݵ档
ϵŽ͵ʣֽϻ²ֿλá
īûɣֱ˵ڱĵطݻѷ͵еˮ̡һģ
Ҳ鵽ĽƹڳԵСﱻɱġ
͵еۿˮ̡ȥͼҰºֲˡ
λƹԭϰϮġ
˵꣬Ұºаͼֽϣݸʼ
Ϊʲôôط
ؿŻͼֽһƹ񱻺ĵص㾹ȻĴ۾
ƹ
ǰѳʶ׵Ļүü
ôأȷеĵطֻһ˭أ
Ȼҡͬػش𣬡ĵȷȷѪζġ
˵ŴͬСĻԼҵĲƹ񱻺ĵص㡣
Ǿۼүߣ̵ؽžһҲáʱһ̫˼ţֿʼʱ⡣
ôƹʲôأ˵Ҫġ
仰ǵĳֹͣˡûһҵ
ô£ʮسȥûͷβͻ˰ɣߵʼЦ
͵üë˵ûҵǸûС
ģҾߡͥԺʯͷˣûҵȾѪȵ
Ҳ͵С
ǵİˣûֿɵĶǼҵҲֵ
ˮ̡ҰºеĻԻ
̼ҶӵҲоֻ᲻ӵˮˣŮˮ￴˿ûʲô֡
һ¡һˣǱصȴĴǱģȴҲĻղԽԽѽ𣿡ʼ¶õ顣
ûоûУôżĻԼȥҺˡ͵ᷳػ졣
ձԽԽţһɽĸо
ǣүһ¡û֣°͵סͷָһȻصͷ
үôˣ
ʼŵضԼһ̫ɱ΢΢һЦ
ү    
ǸƹڲͬķûжԴԭϰƢ˺£վܽ⿪ˡ
˼ǣǸɶĲϰɱƹ񣿡һϽʡ
үҡҡͷɱˣԼң԰ɣ
ô˵ǾŪҲûʲôǸϰ嵱ֲǺ˼𣿡
ʼ˵⻰֮󣬱һ̫ɺݺݵһۡ
ķǳԭϰ塣ҪǿܣĻԭݵϰ塣˺¡
֮Ѿ֪ƹʬΪʲôڲͬĵطֺͱӵĿһס
ʼ٩٩̸ү˵үǽһ°ɡ
ǻ𣿡үڴϣ΢Ц˵
Χڱܵһ⻰ֳ
˵ôôĮû뵽ô塭
ô
үϽǽԼƲ⡣¶˿ĵЦݡ
ҿɡ˵пɰæĵطء
ǿһ̫뵽顣ܵΧȦһС˺ܶࡣ
ү
ү棬ԱŵȴЦ⣬ϱɹЦЦ䡣

6

죬ԭݵһЩ˵
(˵ƶƹʬ壬ϾҪץˡ)
Ϊϰ̫ˣ˵ֻҪһŲʧԺܿ˼䴫˾֪
죬һƲشվϰǰ͵һۣȻ̾˿ʹӵʧˡ
һƹڷװ޻ķ䡣һƹ۾˼ʲô
ܳŮʹӱ󳯵淽˿ֻص£߽Ŵ󽴺׵С䡣һŮʹϰڳһŻųȥ
ǧ˿ʲô£һڳҧ촽ȻһԲ߽˳ǰĲֿ
Ȼһ粻󣬲ֿŹԺȴи֨֨˳
ǧʧܾãԼѾ˰ʱڽɫϦ£ԭݡǳݵүͻ
ӵǮˣǰⴲӻǡ
ΪӸˣԭݰǮ˻˳ݣΪƹɱ¼ⴲһֱڳݡǮѾˣͲ˼ҵĶүصذ˹
ǱǸ
˳үͷ⣬߽ķ䡣
ֻʣүͻơүһû˵Ľ˵ˣе˳𣿡
ߴﹾش˵ˡ
ү²м˽ţ׷׳Ѫζķ䡣
˰ѸƹӰزŲķ䣬Żڼ䶼ѪζһѾˣǡ
ô˵Ļ
ˣҪΪֻͣɣǾͲˡ˵
үǵĶԻǸһ˿Ц⣬˸од𰸡
ʬķＸûѪζΪʬ屻ƵʱͷϵѪѾˡ
ô˵־ˣ
Ѿϸʹ˭ƶʬ塣һ㣬үҲѾ֪˰ɣ˭
˵ˡ
һ̧̫ͷһɫ
ֽűˡ
ϰ鷳ˡ
ζ˲ҲϰΪϴԭϰүǸүȻ˵Ų⣬̲סϰϰǲһֱ˺¡
ǰˡǧεش۾΢Ц˵ǰڴԺֻһƵʱɷܿ֡
ԽԽ󣬵֮ͨԼͱˣԽԽ̡һĹģԽԽŭҲԽԽ˺¡
ӻƵƹ񣬶Ϊϰһ仰սս
ˡÿκͱ̸Ҷ˵ûִõˣĵطиҵء̫߱ˣܲˣҲᵱ桭
Щѹͷܾˣϻһ򿪾ղס
ǣү֪ġֻҪһǿֲŭͻϢıһ٣ٻ֪
ΪܲԭϰƢԽԽˡŽţϰ΢΢
үģŵĽŲܿ죬ֽűԭƹ
ʲô𣿡
ôʱ֮飬ƹӲȴͿ˷Ƶģɷɷס
Ҳô£ǻıӣȻ
Ϊӡ֤ƹĻ´һɧүϰﱻϽЩ谵ĵ
ӵľͷǳԭݵݺͲֿģǰһȺĲֿšԭݵһɫ԰ףΧǰ
ԭиСƸհѳݻıӷŵֿĵڶ㣬Ȼ˿һӲֿ˳ԭϰ廹ڲֿǴӡ
ϰһôֵĵطʲô
үĻԭݵĻǶͶĿ⡣Ӧõֿȥ֪ΪǸֵܿϰ壬ûԸȥ
һ̫İ£˲ֿĴš

7

ͿһΣǸŮ˵
ڲֿĶ㣬ԭϰ忴ŵıӣдЩ
һֱᷢǰùʱͦġ
үôһ˵ԭϰֱò԰סϰǧүĴߴ£Ҳ˲ֿһֱ¥ڡ
ֿͨĲֿⲢûʲôͬսŵĵطǳխѷӡɼҾߺͳ䡣Աһκܶ¥ݣķԭϵȱӵĵط
ֿķܱ˶Ŀܶ궼˼ƣԭݣطȸղүһĿһҪªڴߵĽѷһЩɫĲͷͲ÷칤ߡԭ˵֮ĸҵҲд˵ЩصǶӵҪĶǼǮܸߵĶӦû׬Ǯ
ǽһССİûơעĿľǴıӡ
뵽޵˭ϰ壿
үһʣϰü˵ֻ֪һŮˡ
Ȼֹ
ϸһϸϸĿԭϰ忪ʼܿʧˡ
үʴ㶵ϰ壺ⴲ˭ģ
ڵһİ÷ĴǶԲ𡣡
ĻһֱĬϰ˵㡭ÿζǸ춼ġ
ϰȻսսȴ𱸵Ŀǡ
ԭϰعͷݺݵؿ˵ҵܲ
ֻңˡˡ
ˣ˵ʲô
ԭϰüŭ塣֪ΪʲôֻҪӣͷ
Ǹ޵Ůôˣ
ˡ
ϰҡҡͷͻȻտʼһͦ졣
˵ݶı⣬װ÷ԭ򡣡
Ҷ˵֪Լˣܺ£Բܡ
ﵽӲĵײ㣬ұԭϰװֲŭҶΪ÷ܲܡ
̫ˡǸĻҲޡ
ϰﱳ˵
ԭݳƲǴ꣬ôһʹϰ壬ҿ޶Ҳط
ԭˡүȻӣˣǻ˵Թ¡
˵ţүַڱӵһǡߵ˶۾
˵Թ
ֻǰ÷Ŀ̫ᣬ̫ĿЩıڻصص˱
ˣĲͷ޻û·֡
(¼ˣǡ)
ү︡𱯰˵÷µɫ׵ģǸ˱ӵķҹһ飬õıӻᷢŮ˿°÷Ҳˣֻܡ
ոµıĹбɹ¶ϰ֮ǰ÷һ̵ʧˡ
үֿȥ
Ǹסƹ񡭡
㵽˵ʲôԭݵϰ岻ʡ
үűӣ˵ǸסƹžΪġһˣˣİ÷Ϊӵºϲƽ
ۼˡ
ԭϰĿԽԽӲ̲סϰ￴ȥ
µ˭öԱӵ¸𣿸Ĳƹϲƽңϰŭʹ˴ǹΪ߼ֱ̫ˡ
ǲסƹ񣬿ô͸һĻƲһһмҲ
ϲƽϰƺԼѧǸ뿪һϰܲˣûһɷŭ𡣡
㵽ʲô֤ݣ˵ĻҲô̵ˡǣ
ڲֿǽʻصһ̫ɺں˵﷢ִƹ˵뿪ϰΪסץסӡ
ԭϰţɫԽԽ԰סһ̫ϸָָһƬ¥¡
޴ҲΪͲڡƹǴ¥ϵȥˤģͷײ˲ֿĵ档
ⶼġҪſڿӣ
ȥ¥¾¹ǰ棬ĵѪ
ƹڿԱġ
ԭϰڲֿл졣
ǷʬĻŲģһСĳᱻµϰʡ
ʲô˭ɵ£
ʬѪĵطֻֿɱˡղѾȷϹѪˡ
ôһ̫ɵĻƹˣʵɴĲβˡԭϰ԰׵ϳŭһ¥Աߵϰƹȥ
ɱƹǧ棿

ȻһͻƵǰϰ¥ݡ
ȵȡ㲻һ𣿡
ϰץס˻Ųϰ½
ûôϰһ㣬ͷ£ʧ¥ƬڰСֻ˼ֻһƬž

8

ûнۣҲû
ǧ棬㡭û°ɣԭϰ¥ݵ϶˺ûκλ
ôͻȥءԭϰ岻ͣزϲƽҲô𡭡
˵ʲô緢ԼУ˵
ˡǧ棬һǰͱСģһҲ֪
ԭϰҧء֪ѰӻǳڻУֱ㶵ض¥£۾±߻Ҫڰ
ҵܴ󡣿ҲֱܴʹڷŭʱҲǽġ
ÿ˶ôǿֻе¡
үĻԭϰҧ촽عͷ˵Ϊҵ겻ŻѪȻĻᣬҲһζƢ࣬ԺԹ㣬ҵҲҪԭݵȥ˲·𣿡
ûˮȴɥӡ
ϲƽȷʵܲҡǣϰû¥ץƹ·ǲ֪ġҪ޴һºѡ˵ƹǸ⣬ҲǿܡҲ˵ϰȥҲ֪
үϵ˵꣬ԭϰ塣ϰͷ̾һ
ǸҶ鷳ˡһᾡܣϲƽļǡǴҲ͵ȥҡһ븺øΡ
¥ݣ΢΢زš
(Ǹͨһһ۵ˡԭϰ岻ԱԼҲһ)
ү΢΢Цˡ
ɴߵ¥¡
ӰմӶʧĽгССӰ֨֨¸µ˵
үסϰˡ
ڻûѣûһˡ
ˡˣͺҲԳˡһ̫ɳǴ
˵
һžջƳͷ꣬Цųڽ䰵ķӰСΪܿƱʲôʱޣүָ˱ϡ
ղԭϰܺƵҴкӺ˵
ϰҲÿˣҪǰ϶ȡ
ûϵҪúõϷŪһ
˵ţЦݵʧˡ
סһȣүһЦ
ǿԼӦֶˡûѰĻʹԼҲʹΧø졣رǶϰ˵꣬үƤͷѵֻŭ𣬸Ƶģȥѵɡ
Ŷ
ǾˣҲܼӺŶĸ̷ݱŮΪΪҿ϶ܼȥˡ
ǾԲẦүȥݱŮǶģĺˡ
䣬¥´ԭϰĲҽΪǲ
׼ѵҲȥɡ㲻Ҳͦ𣿡
ôҾͲˡ
Цָ֣һ㣬̾ۼŹȵ⡣ӵ¥µĺڰС
ѽǶô۸Ѿ
¥ݣСǶҧеԭϰƴػ֣š֮ǰǲڱԿͷүһ龰ǿûЦ
ۿΧסԭϰ壬ֳգҧ䡣ϰǰۼһŹ𣬲ʱͷϡԭϰ屻ƵתӳֿȥʱӺڰһֻŽгͷֱۣץסϰĽţڵء
ȡ
Ųҽϰײײܵ⣬һػ֣ۿǸܣӾƴ衣
ۼڲֿǰǴؿϰ巢ӡ
ˡһӰ͵ذԭϰڵء˸߲ҵǴӲֿԭϰĺŲҽ쳹ܡݺȥһ˵С
һ򰮰ϰ⸱ӣǶ̲סˣӶЦЦ˷ôͣ
Ǻ֣ܿôܰԾ˵
һ̫ЦŻͷΪôܺϰ壬˵ûбϰµˡ
ԽԽ𾢣ϰ˻赸Цøˡǧ˶ڲֿűߣҲ¶һ˿Цݡ
ϰĿתضϰء
Ǹӣһ¡
ԭϰƢҲ
ơҲ֪ܲĸĺáֻҪү鷳ν
үνҲ֪ô졣޴˵ͷƹϲƽļһʸ¾Ϳ˽ˡϰϰǵĹϵҪˡ

һĽкֻǳԭϰֱ顣ġŭģÿһֶš
ֶЦ˳үüͷ˵ˡ΢õˣųߵģֵڴˡ
һᷢհү˵ǿִð˳
һţšȥԴϰү
ѽʲôߣ̫ˡ
û£ѾˣﵽҲܽ
ƲүıԹ뿪ǼҲꡣ

ʼ

1

ֱͷһУүһֱôš
ڣѾȥһˡݵļ̳һ̫Ϊģڴϡԭүʹͬһ㡣
ӹǣҲþҪȥˡ
֮ǰȻҲԲڴܳҩҩȲȥˡֻܺһ׿ˮϡүÿ¡ӣϰ򸾼ɫףһ鱣ӡ
ÿʾ֭뷽跨үҩȥۼ᷿֣ЩҲĲѡǵɫ͸˲һһȾ
үǴӼԽʦҩǺѵõŶϽ˰ɡ
Ϊүҩ³ذѾۼڱӱߵСǶˡƶү̬ȱȽϰǺͷ۵Ҫۡ
ҩȥὬݵүû졣
ôү칷͸ɽҩصǵģ˵Ļ϶á
һʼһҩ֪ʲôʱŪġ
ʼԭһǿĴ֣Ȼ˼˺ܾãƵлǸкܴͬ
ȷʵóõҩǶү˵Щҩ費һŵǰͻᱻѬֱĶȲ¡
үǣ¶ɫò취
үҩ˰ɡȲˣǾȥϷдʮҪ¾Ŀء
ԺȥȾľջɣǿǺġ
ƽʱһ˵Ҫȥƾƴֹ˵ţɽŬȰ˵үȥ档ԱߵЩƽһĻת
ǣ˵ô࣬үǽ졣
ǲ𣿿һ飬үǲȤġԲԱ߶һƣžԵү˵ҪǰҩǱߵҩˣҾ͸һܡʼʧĹŶ

ʼһûֹүѾת˫΢죬ܾûɳƵʮ
𡭡𣿡
дɻΪ֪üĿʼдŮ˼֮顣
Ҿƭүġ
ĵر֤ү񿴵ʼ¶˼ݡһҧŬӴ
ôҾźһҩɡ
үҩͰҩŵ˺ɫҩУȻһȥ
ȿȿȡܱƵҩѾȥû³ΣһֱүʼɫҲԻһЩ
үﻹˮ͸Ͻ½ǣߴ¡
үôȤʼЦҽһͨߣԼɡ
ı˦𣿡
үôҲţԲô¡
(ʼǱ˭˦ѽ˦˱ڶŮĽʼģһʲôŮ˰)
ʼţӦһǧ֮ǰˡ
ʼŲ豭ؽ˵үҲ֪ǰλƵʵ䡣

2

ʼϲҲһ֡ƽʱΪĳԵ˻ʹڹﵱһŮ٣˳ƼҰˡ
Ҳֵ֪Ǻܳġ
˼ʱպͰңͻᱻ֡
Ҳθաڵְɣûͷʼͣһ£˵һѻɫĺͷǳʱһһֻ֣ǰĽʮ㵥µӰûи߹һˣȴüҰԸΪޣͨ˵
λüҰģһλĹ幫ӣλߡ
һǳº͵ˡʼ˵
ͶϣʼȴǵĽҰ֣һ֪ʵݣôҲẦ£ҲᡣҰܻ˴ŭɱ⵹ûʲôǿһƬģʱ϶˺
(ҰǼһ)
ǸȻûʲô֪˼Ұʵݺ󣬻ûиı⡣
û취ˣֻһԱҰˡ˰һ͸˼ҰˣΪţʱڸŵĹԼᡣ̫ˣǸһﲻʮ͵òˡ
ȻˣһеΪֹɣΧֶô˵ҰȴϷ
ҵ϶صϣصС
˼䡣
ҾرɵǼһתˣֻܿңҲǵǰͼҰ˵¡
ת֮󣬻ǰһУҰ뷨ֻͽȻ
ǣ֮󣬵żʱϳ˶ԷƽĩڣΪƵһʿżУҲ͸˼Ұһ
û뵽¡ʼİˡߵһֱǸȥΪʿطһֻ˶̶ꡣ
Ұ޾ĵȴ
ʮ꣬ϱʱַ漣ڴʱҰȾ컨խͷ˵Цţӷǳɰʼʱ˸Ĺâ
˰ɣ϶ġ
Σøֻ̣ꡣһλжһƬУҵ˱յĿȫǵʬ壬͵ģǼҰ
㻹ȴǺܿˣֻġ
ʼĻҰҡҡͷ
ûϵûϵҲںҲļˣҺ϶ټġ
ҰڸŲϯʬԣûпʼ
ѱ˵ȴûһ˿٣Ϊ֪ٹһ꣬档ҲܹһҰ˼䡣
ǹ꣬ûг֡
תƣѾ˵´ͳεʱ
·ھԼһǰ
ʱҰа֪ʲô˽ʼֵİ£һӻ̡
ƽ̸ʢѷһǧǰɱȡܲ£תҲ档
ʱʶһˡ
ּ𣿡
үڴ⻰ԲԱߵʼ¶Իı顣
Լ֪Ǹ˵ǲ

3

Сڲ̳ر߱°ˡ
ʱһСֵı棬ʼ˰üë
õϢѾǰˡڷҲʼ׼ҹܺõèȥһҡ
ȥ˰ɣ
ԴڽĲ̳ر߿Ǻڵȥΰݡ֮ÿζҪǰҡһҡϣܹطꡣ
ӻ̼Ұݵ磬ֻһ֮ңǸǿ֣һȥˣҲǰȥΰݡ
ΪƹʼȰȥΪ̫Σգȴ˵ûϵ㱻ϮҲǵ֡
ҲŵİҪ㱻ɱ˷ڲ̳أûʲôҪһСѴ˴ǾͲˡʱҴȥûסȥˡ
ŶһȷҪע⡣ǲ㰡
Ȼô˵ǿʼıԹԷ磬Ҷ
С
¹£ʼϽ˵ţȥ촽ˡԴӺͰʶѾ˼һǧ꣬һǧһԸص˼ʼȻʼԼ
(ôС㻹ǲῴһۡ)
˵ˣԷⶼҡԺҲûʲôϣ
(֪ˣǲģһҺͰûʲô)
ʼ̾Ϣţﵾʱֻʣµˡ
СС磬ԺӲ󣬽һƬڳû⣬¹Ե÷ࡣ
ǰһ˰Ťһš
ʼӿ˽ŲȻѪζҰû£ʵʵԱߡһƬУ֪˭˭ͣ
ʱʼȻͣס˽Ų
Ǯܴҹһ翣С
ʼǰƣһʱ¹£齩ӲϢ
(ѵ˵)
Ͻȥڴܵˡÿתòı䣬ʼϲÿΣܺ޲ϳԷ
С㡣ʼһ
ͷûأؿڴ򶷵ǣĬ
ѽʱΰ𣿡Ѿȫˣ£ȻһǺ£ڲΰ֮ǰʡ
ס¹ȹС·ߵ˳Ŵ˵Ĳͷʮ꣬ʱһȵı顣
֮ǰһСӱաһֹɱӡǼҰݵİСɣûпμɵ˰
μɡ
Ŀصڴ򶷵ϡʱ¶֣ĵطˡ
ˣˡ
˵Щ˿϶ٳС㡣һŮ϶̫Σˡ
˿ʮ꣬ݾ·Цˡ
ͷ˵һ˷ӣ֪ǳıС㣿
⡭Ҳ򡣡
ԱߵС·һָͷü̳صΧſµЩܹٸͷҲܴȥѲ顣
Ǵ׷ȥˣվԭء
ʼȿڵǼҰݵƹ񡣶лҼС㡣
Էл
ãôֻǴ·ˡ
˺ΪƵĳ˰ڰ֡ʱ΢ֵĶ䣬ܻԹȥ˵ǰȥ
֬ģߣסԶǰƽŰһµÿ˸С˭ǲش𣬷ȭ˵û£ҡ
Աʯͷϵİͷ⣬׼뿪
ʱʣ𣿡
˻عͷ¶ı顣
㡭
𣿡
ԲҼСһֱѰһܾǰŵˡ
ʼϽ嵽м䡣߲ĻҲ֪ԭί
Сͣһֱˣ÷ѰɣСʱͷֿĻҲѹֲʶˡ
Լѹ¸ԲˡԼ̫ðʧˣɫ
߿һģ˵Ѱ˭ҲԵ֣Ժ֬ʱ԰Ȼҵⲻ󣬵ʶ˻١
𣿡
μ˵ĻЦˣͬһĻšˡ
סҲܽһϢϵҰݸ㡣
ߵ¶˵Цݣ˱תȥĿճƵģԶȥıӰ

4

С㻹߿𣿿϶ˡ֮ǰֻҪһ֪𣿡Ѿǵڶ磬ڼҰķƹʼ˵ֱֱֻǰס
ÿתòȫı䣬ϵĸֻǸоһΣȷûио
϶Ǽٵġʼ룬ûٶ˵ʲôһɫСϼӣ׼Ϊл񡣲ô˵Ҳ˵Ůϰ壬Ҫʾһл⡣ΪסڸҪġ
ʱִͺɱݡ
һߵС㡣
һʼ֮ǰܵڵǰĵذϣŵӵȻ
С㡣Ұвٺöⲻģ裰ɣ
߳ؿһɫƵӡΪĹϵԺ͸¥֬ЩطŮˣ̸۵ĻҲƣ֪ЩƷˡ
ҹ̫ллˡ
ڵذϣ֣µʩ߻æס
ֻһ¹¡˵ס
˵֪֣˴ʱʼ廰
Ҫ֪ĸ˭סĶͽȥˡ
ߣʼô˳ۣ˵ҲͲˡ
𣿡
ˬʵһЦʼӲˡ
ߣǼҰݸлȻ࣬Ҳ°ɡ
ʼߵԶİԱߣӻͳСŵĽӣһ۽ǵⰵ۲죬߶ԽʲôӦ
һӣ˵С
̫ⲻȥˣֻɰˣҵʱҲûжС㶯֡
Ȼ˵˺ܶˬذѽս˵¿ĺ֬ˡһʼС۶úܲã뿪ˣʼųһ

Դ߾Ұݣʼ񲻶ôô˰
߶԰İĽ֮Ҳѱֵ൱ףʼǲ졣ȸտľջҪ˼˱Ⱥ㻹Ҫࡣ
(ΪʲôһΪôһͨ˸еأ)
߲ҲǡֵǣΪʲôΰȷرϳأְ
ȷû֮ʼǽеǰʼĻС׹ӻʧˡ

5

ʼ֪ˣǸ߾
һ֮һ죬ܻӭ˳ڼҰݣ˷ʼԱߡ
ŶߺȻǰ𣿡ʼţһ̣һ˲䵭ػӦһҲʼ̬ȣ˵
ʮǰһ֣˺صˡ˵Ժ󣬾Ҳ벻Сʱˡ
Ȼأ
ԣ벻ǰ¡֮¡㲻ôΪ𣿡
ͦġʼؿһŸ˵İĻֺܶ࣬Ҳ֣ʧȥ˼䡣ɴ˾˵
Ҳ̫˰ɡ
ʼ侲ķϵЦʧˡʼԴĿӹ
˵ȥ£Ǹ˺ûȥ
ÿ춼ҰҲϲ˵ڴ
ҪϲߣͲǿԼٵˡѾˡҲû˵꣬Ϳ϶㡣
ô侲ҿᣡ
˵ܻ꣬ݡʼĿ׷
(˼˵ڴ)
ָͣʼεغ˲̾һ
̾Ϣĵ׵Ľ֮鲻ʼԣӲѹĵסȻѹƿҲֲ˶೤ʱ䣬ϾҪ޿ˡ
(ҲΪСߴʱ̫ˡ)
ȲãҲˣڰУԼʲôأֻһʲôʱ򶼻ߣ۵ʲôط鵽׵ˣҲһֻ֣һŲȱٵ顣ûеĻÿ춼úܲǼĵط
(ѾûϳҲҲӦøıˡ)
ʶѾ˽ǧꡣǰһֱûʱ䣬ڡǧꡭ˵ҲǶݵ¡ֻΪǧꡣ
ʼһ
(һǸɵϣ)
֪ʼǸһ˿Ц⡣úõؽߵ⣬Ȼ󡭡
(ǸʱĻҸô죿)
ʼҧס˱촽

ڶʱֳ֣˼Ұݡߣʼֻǳ˵ˡ
С㣬Ҹˡϲ𣿡
ڵĵذϣسݳİЦţһˡ
ѵǡ
˷ʼڴʲô뿴һÿת͸Ķάϵ˼
ʼ˵߲ҲҡȻʧȥ˼䣬ٰ͸Լôҵϣϣ߾Լȴˡ
ʱߵĻϸϸʼɫ䣬ߵ֡
˵ĿⶼԼϣߵذһССĶϣ
ǴӾɹ֬˵ݵĶɫǳ
óģһ֬Сʱ˵֬һһǺܹصĶҪǱŮˣ϶ϾЦݽӹȥˣȴ齩Ӳ
ؿһʼƹֻ˷˲ǿ
С㣬ô£ʵ
æӹ֬Ȼòصлһ˵ͷʹȥˡ
׼ûһãŽţɫõضʼ˵ƹģϲϲɣ
˵ʲôأ
ʼ¶Ӷı顣ʵûˡ
߻ס죬Ƶбʼ˵ϲСɣ֪ͻȻ֣Сϵܺãܲ˰ɣ
˼ǣΰûзӦԭʼϡ
ģСͷʹʲôϵûˣذɡ
ܾǰʼÿ춼ҪС˵ʧɣǾͱᵽǧ֮ǰ¡޷⣬Ҳû˵ıҪʼԼ˵ĶŸ塣
ǸɣͰҵɵϿ𣿡
߻ûס죬Ҳûվ
˵ȥʼվֱߵǰ棬ߣ˵ȥɣˡ
ֻǺƽĻǵͳϸߴӵذϸ
ʮˣȻǧĶ֡Ȼ߲뵽Щܵ⣬һҪ˵ı飬Ҳһֱʵˡ
Ҿʹ˰ݵģ
µĻôƽֻʼѾǧˡȻʼܿͰЩвĻˣ˵⻰ȴμš

6

ˡһϣӵΰݻİͻȻ˵
ʼͣеĻǳϡ˰ɣӦ𣿡
ôܴӦء˵ҪһúþӪ⡣̾Ϣ˵
ܳٳסһطòǿ仯ΪֻǻûΣһ껹û˻ɡ
֪ʵݣ˵Ļ
Ĳ
ԺϵҲġԭΪɵɵţʵˡ
ḧŵ۵ӣ޷ᣬšʼȴ뵽˱¡
(Ҹϳȥɡ)
Ͱ˻飬߾ͳ˼Ұݵϰ塣϶Ϊ˱ƹߡ߳ҪòӣҪǮλңҪʼ
(ϴСֺã϶ڻںڡ)
ԺҲÿ챻߷ˣ뵽ʼ˿
죬Ӹù󲻾ãиС͸һšһԭдģԼڵ档
ʱ򻹰Сгȥ𰡣첻𣿡
ȻҲ˵ϲȥǶšʼᷳسȥߣ
ûеƹˣƲʱʱ֣һƬ谵ǶΪֵʼⲢûʲô㣬ûᣬźͰһĲǰȴûߵӰ
ףԼС棬ԼĶȥˣ
ҹɫУʼõ¶Լλá˴߻ľʼ
ͨˣ϶Ҳ˵һ䣬ͱڵأʼȴһ߲ͷطһʣ߰ɣĸ㰡
ֽ棬ûлشʱʼ洫һ
ء
ʼһͷ¶ѵкκѶܿʼһץס˵ľܿ˴ڵء
ˣô
Ա߳ԾǱڵϵ˵ʼԾʼǵ
ǡϮС𣿡
չСͷŵ׷ϵˡϣǲ֪򰢼ħƣߴܡ
Ϊʲô߻һأ
ѵͬʼɴ۾Щ°˵Ļ뵰һģ
ʳڶڰУߵ۾ҰޣΣյĹâ
ҹ°һŮӣ֣ɱˡ;У￴С㣬ǾΪǼ°˻ǸϽܶ
ӽȻǵͷƵͬϣ˻ƭȡлɴ˿ȻᣬȴǸ֮ˡ
˵ʲôأʼĻЦ˵¶˴δڰǰֹĺ޳ܵı顣ڼʶʼ֮Ǵӻͳһذף׼һ¡
ƹģǵ˲·ҺòײСĻģϾܳΪϰ壬ðǰɣ
𵽴֬ڲͷƤ°ŮˣǰǼȰȫ׬Ǯľûᣬȴ򵥶˳
С飬Сȴ˵²˾ģ˵Ҫƹһ£ûĻҲȥˡ
ںܶƹñϰ󣬸˵ȤİˡǮ䶼ʼϵһжʼ
ĻӰҲòǮüͷΪʼ򰢼˵ʲô
ѽѽɴˣСɲ˵ʲôˡ
ʼǸһ˿ԳЦ⡣ߺۣ»ӵ
ԽԽᷳʼһץסߵأӽԶĳһߵֻǰеذ״ڵأΪʼ޵
(ҺС㶼ˣתΪʲôǷأ)
ΪʲôΪʲôˣˣȴʱʱ̿ԼоĴڣ
ҹǰʼҲһֻۣһ˴վšʰذףܿʧˡ

7

鷢ԺҲûгڵʼҲû߰ࡣ
ʼûӵ̳ɣɵʡ
ʼ䵭ػش𣺡Ҫô˵Ļʹˡ
ʼΪǸȴĳݶ߻ʹ˷֣һֱСķ
ʼķ˼Ӱһţȴǡ
ʼ̫˳ԾˣԭǸ˷ӡ
ǻСԴųһţȿֺ˵ţǵɫʼ֪ˣԾ

ء

ЩҶ֪ˡбϢ𣿡
Ųͷץס¡
ŶûйߵϢ𣿡
ôһʣһƿˡǲûв鵽ʲôʼʧı飬ǿʼ˵ߵĳκݶ
߾ȥԺ֬°ŮԺ𱡣
˵ŮƷ޵ĿջȥŮӶΪɶǣÿ°ˣֻҪֵǮĶϴһա
һֻͷʵǸеģҪӸ𰡣
˻Ǯ
֬ļǮܹʺɫֵ֬촽ǵĻ⽥Զߡ
ʼСǵĳȻսȭͷ
ԭˡԲšͨˣֵıԱ¶ţ۾еèһϸţعСǣС㻹û˯ɣҪ˵
ףʼ㲻֪Сղųȥˡ
ôһ˵ʼ¶˼ݡ
ЩһȻ֪ΪʲôֹΪֹˣΪʲôأ
ܵڹһһͷʼûǣϽá
Ǯĳ뻹úúõģǮǮѾˡ
СŵǮȥ϶Ǳ߽гȥˡ
һûƭǮȥʼҧ촽ԷֻǸ˷ӣ¡ôճءС˵ҲǺ¡ʼǮ롣

8

֣ٲȥĻ
˵ֻҪǮȥûô˵£С㡣ǱƹģҪǲչ˵Ļ̫ðɡ
ϵԱߣʹҹɫУҲؿߵ󣬲Űɫɴ
ֻ˵㱻ʼˣһҩѡ
䵭
ôȥٶЩǮǮ϶еİɣ
һְֻѰߣ¶δ׶飬¹£Ե
ǼҵҲġȻҲܵϰ壬ôҾҪеǮ죬˵ȥ
֧ʹŮߵϰˡͨŮˡҧ촽һӣƿߡߴһ
ˣˣʲôǵˣҲ¡Ǹɵϣ̫ûҵˡԸţȴԼ۾ɱΣţһƬ⡣
ߴ⡸㲻˵ȥǰɣȻҾͰˣʲôǮܰ֬Ǯ׬
ң
˻ƣˮ
ȻԱһֻ֣ץסߡ
ǲ֪ڸİðӽ̳ˡ
ʼץסߵأְٹͷ

ߴһƴŤӣҪܡʱؿڵһ΢
˵ת˵ϵСӣһ
ģ
ʼ͵ذڵϣּǸС塣ҹɫУٴ峺
컹ңҵĶڵ̱һŵߵ۽е
ʼؿһۡ
ѾŴ˴鰸ˡٲӵĻҲһץȥ
޷ģôӣ
һƤߣʼĵشӻͳһװʮӵĺɰڵϡ
ϽɡסٳڼҰǰ´ٱҿĻûô˵ˡ
ҹɫһ㣬˲źɰûʼ˵ʧԱߵ
ô£ʼôôģˡ
һ˵һ̧۵ʼʼûпֻǳĬҲûϳð˵
ҲףΪʲôŪأѵѾϲ𣿡
˼ǧ꣬ȴŪˡоƾʧˣҲվȣ
϶ټġε¾˰ɡ𣿡
֮ٸǰһȥѾûˡ´ҿܻϲܻǻŪô죿ô졭

̧ͷҲʼǰһֻһ̾ϢеᶼΪǸġ
ʼҲκλοֻ˵ʵ
С㡭㲢ǺɵŪġʼءһһ˵˵ǲ˵ȻԥǱˡ
һΣ峺̧ﻹ⡣
ڻǱŰɣҲĶ
ʼôһ˵𾪲ѡ
Ϊʲôأ˭͸𣿲ôҪĶ͸ˡô
ͣסˣ鿴ʼ
ʼ˵Ǹ˾ϴٱ°ŮϵĶ϶Ҳġӱɱϡ
ɱ
һߵʱԺһѪҺζǴǼ°ɢġ
쵽ǰ壬һˡ
ͷ˵죬һΪ˰һŮӣɱˡ
˼ԭߡλûˡ
Ϊʲôûע⵽ңһƫƫǸɱֵ
һӱĹǣ˵ڵءŴŵҲͣ
Ҳˡ϶ˡ
ţᣬԽԽͣССһš
ʼסļ磬˵϶ټġ˵ҵءɲһԸĵ˼
ȷѾǧˡʼôһ˵̧ͷǰͬԼȹǧ˵
ǧꡭ
һӡǰԼϤֵˡ
ǧ꣬泤
˵ţֿ˵شˡ
(С㲢ǲ֪ҵ⣬ϾѾһǧꡣ)
ǰһֱ׷ѰԣܽʼİһĻ˾Ҳµദˡ
Ϊʲô
Ҳ˵ȥֻǿޡʼûѰһԼ뿪
ôӣĻٹһǧ꣬ҲӡǶԹȥһǧһܽ
(㣬Ϊ㡣)
ʼ̾һġһ㣬˺óóʱ䡣

9

ҵĹ½ˡ
ʼ꣬ү۾
С֮Ҳû𣿡
үʧӣʼЦ˵һ֮ˣԷ˲ŻŻү

С㱾Ƥ£һλǧеĴ֣үĸ
ĻүĬһ˵游ˡ
ʼǱĸ˦ˡ
үôһ˵ʼߵЦЦүȻ֪ߺˡ
⡭ҿɲ֪ʼ¶˿µЦݣƤڵ޵ôĵļһǲܷŹģǼһƻǸϡ
ƵȻƽȴëȻ
꣬ҩҲЧˣүеƤԽԽǿүĵ˳ҡ
(þûô˯ˡ)
Ҫ˯ŵʱԺȻֳһ⣺ʼĸɣԵĸչҵʱûƴǡԺ󻹻ϲȥһ۶˰
ûʳڣүѾˡ

λü

1

(״ʲôʱʼأ)
мҩгΨһļ̳һ̫վճӵ᷿ͷ뿴
ƽֻҪԼƣƽԼ簮ޱȵǾͻȿֺǰʱ򶼵ᷳĳ̶ȣǲ֪Ϊʲôȴһ
Ϊʲôʼ˶أһΪһҪء
ȻֹǳԹ緹ү͵͵ﵽڵĵȥˡʱֻ᷿һҲûС
(Ѿþûôֵˡ)
죬ȴû˹ү
(ǵæòɿɡ)
Ϊֹк᷿ܶ
ȥĶˣ
ƽСҲýоڷתҰºкˮ̡Ҳ᷿ȾơȴǵӰ˼ҲŻ͵дӻг
ǲǷʲôˣ
үеЩݵҩ̡үġߵ˷ڣʼһԼЦģүϲ¶˷ĵ΢ЦʼԱߡ
ʼҽһֱûҡô°
ҪǱΪ˵鷳ˣүʵʼȴЦŸһĪĻش
үûȥү밲Ҫǲȥ¶棬үͷ˻ᵣĵġ
˵ʲôҸոոһԹ緹ָĸǾһġү˵
ʼȻ򣬡Ȼɿز̡
ǵ֪ȥ˻ĳͺŵͷ˰ɡǽѻ˵Сүȥкҿ϶ܸ˵ġ
㵽˵ʲôʼ
Ӧ֪үʲôѽһ֣ʼһˡ⵽ô°
ү鲻뿪˷ߵſڣﰾɤ۵İ׶ԣС˵ҩ˵ţСнӹҨӡ
֪ʼʲôӦƽʱʼүᱻˮˣϽӽүҩǰʱ˷鼸ۡһʼ˹
(Ŷƽһ)
ү˿
ܿ죬ʼүԱߣüë΢ţƽ˵Ҳ˵Ҫ׶һˣֵԴˡ
֪ˣ֪ˡ
үеˣϽصݡ
(Ҫƽʱʼ˵ʹĻǶ˵ȰұŵøķȻ߶졣)
ӻǸһһھ͸оһˡĸԷʱûκ쳣Ҳ˵Щ״
(ÿɣ)
үϽȣӳǰ߹
бҩ̴üӳͺ»һƬæҡûпүұʱûķȥ
ĺ棬ӵһȴţϯŵĻﱻ˽߸ߵضڵذϡĴͽŷܶ࣬ûп
үҩĵ𣿡
һ̫ɴվţүĸ֮ʡ֮ǳϰٱŮĺӣǰһͶ˳ݡĸһã˵͸֮Ͼ˹ϵΪүŬ
ϰﰢ֮˵ǳݵˣֻܱƶԴƵҪر֮֡ĻһϢүɲںЩһֱ֮硹
磬ҩĶ𣿡
дơơ顢㡢ӡ˲ٻýŷᵽҩȥ𣿡
ţҲá
ָ֮£ŷֿװҩĵĻʧˡѾ£֮Ѿϰ˺ľͰȫͬĻ
ӣүͷʯͷ˵ء
磬㿴û
үʡ
ʱ˴Ա߲
Ҹղſͻȥˡ
ˬʵŮͰġʮ꣬ѾˣһͷϵĺɫӷǳĿɰŮһ߻شһɨŵء֮Ŀһֱ׷Ӱ
Ŷոճȥ
ү̾˿һӽôҲԶˡүҪٲ֣ҩ̵˻æġүֻøϽߡ
ȻͣסŲͷʵˣסܵĸõû
ɨ㣬һӱͨ졣ͷϵӣзųֵĹâ
ǵ°лүĸѾöˣҲܻصǸ˰
Ǿ̫ˡ
֮ӵĸϢͻϼȥˣүܾû
ү˵ĳغͼˣǵģ
վԱߵ֮Ծ۾
粻Ҳ˽ⶫݵÿ𣿡
Ǹֻܹĸˣǳϴͽŷ˿ǲء
ӦѽүЦ˵
֮֮үȳҩȥţǵЦݽԳΪ֪Լɲһڴš
ܹ֮ôƴһƬһٱĶԾӣһҲڷܵõ˴ҵϿɡ֮ǿ׳ҲһүαȲϵġ
(Ӧ취е˳˳ģϰ壬õ˶ġҪⶼҿǸûõˡ)
үȻδ¶Щ뷨ĵе¡Ȼֻʮ꣬һֱҪ˵չˣǰֻʽϰҩ̽Ҳһǡ
 (ҵδôأʮôأǸʱأ)
үδȫûţ־峣ȻԴڻƵĽ̼һҹ֮ʧҲټ
иĸڵʱ򣬵ǲõġǴ꣬кܶ顣ȻݵδǼˣЩصһѹүͷԴүףҲ㹻׼ǣ浽˱Ŵֵʱ򡭡
(þͲˣһҪãã)
κ鶼׼ȷɣΪҶԼ
ȻҪ֧֣ƹó˵ʱƹһѡһõƹϰ顣
Щүû˵ԼѾˣҪԹĻ̫˵ȥˡֻ̾ܳû˵ʱ͵͵ֻ̾ЩʱŻż˵ķա
(ЩһֱҵȴͻȻˣҸôأСһѽ)
ҩʼվڲֿ棬ָЩŷҩġ
(û£ҿ϶ܿͻġ)
үҧҧ촽񣬳ȵ˹ȥ

2

ô졭ǿĲˡ
㣬ѾȫˡүڲֿԵԡˮ°ϣ̾Ϣš
ǺȻʧѾˡ⼸죬ү֭̽ǰѵĶѵСɽһк͵Уɻûһͷ
ǰƤػڱе֣ѾʧӰˣ·Զٳ֡
ү߽̾ͰǲϰһˣǾһ㶼ȥڽĹã֮Ҳܵԡүûһϴ
(ҪǰʼҴ걳)
˺æʱҲڡСˮСƵȥѾˡ
Ȼʼڣı仯˾ơ˳ͷβˣͨһһȻҲͬǰһಡүֵǣֹ΢ı仯Ǿͨˣһһ̫ɿү˶Դ֮ǰǴûйġ
ǰϾүϴܻԷܻҭүòˡ
(ֻÿ)
үй롣Ҳû˼裬ܿͰ
ɫࡣڻط֮ǰȥé÷ݱľͰˮϴ֡ˮҨӷŻͰʱү˵ӳˮеԲ£峺ү¶Цݡ
(ڣ϶ˮͰɿ)
̧ͷһգԱߴһȦɫĹΡȻүȥ
Ҫܴ¹⣬Ǹö
һΰĿתˮ棬سˮеȥָһˮ棬ͻᵴƣӰģ塣Щү֪ģǡ
(ס)
үذ쵽ˮ֪Ϊʲôûʲô仯ɢŵĹâ¹ءšֳʱɫĹҲ˳ү
(⡭ģ)
е¹ˮҹɫɢŵĹâԣֱ̫˼ˡȻУүȴоС
(Σ)
үָ΢΢¹}شүлȥ
үһУһ죬¹ѾصˮƬʧˡ
(찡)
үͰˮ
(˭İ˭ֻأ)
үüˮˣһҲվԺ𲻿˼ĸо
硭
үȻ˸磬عʶϵģԼԺéԱվ˺þá
ϴ˰ɡ
Ҫǰɫ䣬طˡ
(ΪʲôΪʲôǷͬѰأ)
ţүеϸˡֳͰ￴ȥƽʱһˮﻹǵӳүϽ᷿ȥ

صҺүֱѾ̺ãˮͷ·ĿҲذͷߡǰ϶ȵү˯²뿪ȴڡ
ѾʮˣҲȻİɡ
үȻŬʵҪӦ÷ѵ㹤򡣰ѵһƬڰү˱ѡǰǵ˵ҲˣһʱүôҲ˯š
ļžѾ죬ү֪Լֻ˯˯֮ǰүǰһշתࡣСʱ֮˯ڽϮ
ʱүһ
(ףʲô)
үںڰ۾е΢΢ǳ΢ֻƽϰǶүŸоõ
(ǻ)
ƽϤ޼ɵĶһʲô͵͵ؽӽԼʱͣ˭ϿӡүҲ˯ˡ
ү٣ںڰнץǡ
(ô죿԰ѵϣȥǴУ)
һ̫׶ಡ˯᷿ȻǱú֣ǴϵģֻҪүӦûϹ
(ǻɣڣΪʲôôֵĶأ)
˼ʱǸѾˡ᷿ǶԽԽүеսŵϢô붼߲ơ
(ȵĽ)
ҲѾˡȻ֪ɾۿһүһƬڰУ޷    
(ˡ)
ΣյϢôԼأô죿
(ҲܹűԼǶ·ұץס)
Ȼô룬ү֪ô졣ãǶѾǰͣ
үסšһƬڰȴɫࡣ¹ľ崰ķ϶͸˽
ҪǴţͿԿЩ΢ˡүɣӱ
(ÿ¡)
ӦվȥŴҪ뽫֧ݣͲܹڱɪɪҲ϶
үҧء
ʱĽҹա
ô£
үĶҪˡ
ƴķȥ˷ţ͵
ף
ϿһˡΪ˿øүϽѳԺӵľ崰򿪡¹£žԺӸƽûʲô
ûֵӰӣû֣һҲƳ֡
ְ
үƲƲ졣Ǻܿ죬Լ
еôʼôأ
ǽ˶ˣ˳ܹȻһӦûСʼȵһˣһƬڰΧţž
(ֲΪ˯˶)
үҹɫдվ˺þá

3

ڶ죬үһЩֵ¡
ҩ̺ʹж䣬ʱġϵĻǰ廨ǳ
үǲǶӶѽȸõӰɡ
еүȥˮͰĸĵ˵
ҪǴԲϷͲˣû¡үЦŻشһֻצ쵽СèϹһͨУƽŷ͵ĻǼ䷿̵ϯӾ
ѽүڸʲôϯȫǻңСֿˡƹĵ˵
֮ŮͰҲһȡ
үЦŻش𣺡ģ᷿辰ӵĲ֪Ķȥˣҡ
үĽͣԶۻعͷ֪᷿ﲢû辰үһ⣬ϯӡ
ǲֶܼϯƹ񲻽˵
䣬˶Ծ۾ϯ±߹һԼߵľƱ񣬷ǳ
ôֵطƹԾŴ졣
үӯˮľƱ˵ҵˡлл
˵꣬뿪䣬᷿ȥɫת硣յžƱһˣ    صүһŵ鰸ϵԺӣϾƱӣʼܵʯٷεˮһСҰڳرϷ辰
ҪǳĻ͸Ȥˡ
˵꣬үŲ
ûз磬ˮȴ΢һͿˮһСζӰӡƱɲǼүеĳӡ
(ԭ˰)
˵оƱʹϯ˳˵Ҫӣˮ΢ԴˮͰץӰӡЩƽܷ顣
ү辰ǰ˸ˡ
(Ӧĳ˵ɣ)
үóĽۡ
үǵǰļ̸ʼ˵Ϊ˿˴۱ĺ¥ۻûĺ¥λð¥Сþʺһ뿴ʲôʲô
ǰĺƽһӣʵƽʱƱô֣ҲΪεеӡΪڱͨˡǺ͵вڣΪε˲֪ǵĴڡ
(УȻ簮εӦߵˡ
ΪʲôϷȴôֲء)
֮ǰҪģ߳ξȻֵ̫ɣעֵ̫ɣձŴ˵еһһȥٻٱʱһֻСؼҺ򿪣İһΪ˰׺ͷԴɾƵĵطʱ̫Ļͻ˸ôȥ
(Ҫȥͱ֪ھ˭)
ʲôʱǶǵǣүü롣ʱƱˮѾ絽ˡ

4

ʼԼôֵӣⲻǵΣӦһֵ֪ͨ˵Ρ
糿˵͵£үҵֽţ鰸ǰֽ̯дš
дֽϵǸпεˡдºö֣кܶ౻ˡ
(ݵټôĪΡҲǸĸΡ)
ֱһʣģסڳݵĻǣиĴͽŷ
ˡ
үšȻѾȥ˺֣ܶʣ¼ʮ
(Ҵܵ˶ҵ⡣Ҳ鲻õ顣
ε˱Ÿӵεģ˭أ)
үüʹ˼
ȻʲôͥԺȥԺӸ֮ǰЩͬ˵嵽ʲôܾͬЩëȻүҫµԺӡ
(һһʯͷ߲óӰӵĵطһӰӡ)
ֿûʲô仯ܾиǰֻҪһԺӣǸͻᳯĺ˹
 (˲ðļһ)
һүԺӣһԼͦɵ־ãСĵĻͻ֮ǡ
Ȼү۾ŵĸоҲ֮ʧˡ
ףⲻǸٵ᷿ʲô𣿡
֮ӳԺүЦк֮С߹ϡ
桭ǲ˼
үԼ֮˱衣֮Ӿнˡȥû˵ˡүһ֮Եģһʵϰߵʲôòڵ𣿡
Ұŵúܺáֻим
֮ͷү᷿϶ʲô˵
үŸүԼ֮ڿ˿ڡ˵Ļϡ
⡭үŮͰ͵İɣ
ӣүһʱ䲻֪ôشգգ֮ү΢ЦǰͷϵĺţҸġү򵥵ػش
֮ʣǡΪʲôӸءҿһԭܻ鷳˵ţ֮۾ִȥ
ͨӣү΢΢һЦɵػش𣺡ԭĸ׵ӣһݵˣĸ˵ҪˣԱߵİˣúܿϧźܾĻ䡣
ŮͣϰĺɫԼǳҪȴòĶȻ˸ݣǲ嵽ͷϾͿˡүͰǸ͸һֱڿİ
ӵ𣬸磿
Ҳү˵ġҡ
ǰɣ
ʲô¡
ŸһΣ˵ˣүЦȴһֱˣ顣
ǸڿʵĺŮϲ飬Ⲣʲôõ°
١ү
үôһ˵֮ĴϺ
ǡүкһϣҲһ͵ˣ𰢾˿ѷɫúܺãԡүץס֮أԲжϲǸҲôæʱͷ᷿粻Ųµˡ
ҡң˼
֮Ҫܡүץ·Ϸ֡
㲻Ǹ磡ֳԭΣ
үк֮͵ص˳ȥһϸɳһʧӰ٣ǱϷһֻ֮Ĳ豭
ĸоְ
үҡŸղץ֣֮оץסʲôĪĶ﷢
Ҳһ£øôε˿϶Ǵŷ򡣡
ֻ֮£ʹԶĴǻǺ죬ǲʱε
ʣµľǻˡ
үţѲ豭ŵҪʰɡ
ͻȻԺ˵
ԭẉ̂Ǳ߹ˡͰ˵ӵĵġ֪Ϊʲôһ֣Ժľɫֱˡ
(⵽ô£)
׵̫ˡûͱһ˵үùģ˼š
ĵǷ˺ʵڼ
үһ˴
үʳӣ΢΢һЦȻƳ鰸д˺ֵֽܶ񿴵ʲôȤ飬Цøˡ
ʲô𣿡үʵֻһЦش
(ô£ʲô)
үͷŤһߡܿɫ䵭ȥԼˡ

5

(ҲĻˡ)
ܵүĲõسĬšǳÿ춼ӡΪ˿صү鰸ǰŬѰεˡ
Ǹɸļһ֪õһӡε˺ӡĸƻںأ
ֵõ˸ĶԵõĹ
(ǳŮ𣿵Ǹ˲֪ӵ£֪˼)
ͬʱ֪ģ˭أ
(ĸ𡭡ûô氡ƹ𣿵֪˼Ҳ֪Ǵġ)
һֻһһ֣үһʱЩ㶡
һ£ǲʲôˣ
еֶˡүֽʹû©ˡ
ӦǺϤ͸ˡ
ʱүȻ뵽Ϥ˭
Ǹ磬ǰԼ϶ǵġ
ô˭أүϷôֵ¡
𡭡
ʱëȻĸоôأ
(Ǹ绹ǰӦöẦҡ)
ֻͨˣôܰѱ˷ŽԼأǰ˼⡣
(濴Ǹġ)
ү벻εԼԭǸ磬ɾͺܶˡү鰸ǰ˫̾һ
ʱүеϺëֱɭɭĸоˡ
(Աߣܽ)
ղ˳˼ûע⵽үͷһһȳԼ˹

үһˤڵأѹϵĶʲô
ү߷鰸ԼüĶѹţһֱ˵˷Ľ
(йҰ޵ĳζ)
үеҪϢˣᶼ˳סֺһӶײ˽Сӣۼˡ
(ѡܡ)
үץס˹ϵС֣һ뱻˳

һ̴ٵļСѹϵһЩүܴˡ
(ŵģǻ)
ǻ˶ʮʮöһĻǰΪ˶Ըһ֣Ұģб֤϶顣ΪǺ£ûľͷŵ˹ӵ
үջعˡһ졣һȻܿˡ
ף
үվֿµĸоѾȥ
ֻһˡ߷鰸ͿвҰ޵ĳζղŵһвүΡүĵӿһɿ־С
(ղŵļһǸ֡ʲôҪɱأ㱻ˡ)
үֳϣػһƬǽķ䡣
(Ǹ𣿸ϣ𣿲ԣ϶ģ)
ڳԼӦȴֲᷢ飬ʵ̫ͷˡ
(ְʲôأΪʲôǸȻʧأ)
ү񣬺ȻűˡүϽסһšǺþûĻʼ
ô£ղô
ʼ߷ڵص鰸ֳүһۡһƬǽ壬ƽүʼȴ侲˳Ծ
˯Ժˣ鰸߷̨ˡɨ֮ǰҪȻŪ·
ʼô侲ţүǽǵϣһʱ͸ղǼһȣǰʼɣүͷŤһߡ
(ϸ룬֡ʼƽʱޱ簮ѵô侲)
Ǹ绹ǰʱ䲢Ҳû˵ʼ簮ԼΡ
үü
(ҿ϶ʲôطˣìܵĵط̫ˡȷʵץ¹⣬ҲɳʧˡӦû)
ǰһ㣬ۼүԺ
(أ)
Ժлһľ棬Ǵûһɵؽ
һյүĿͶɨصʼ˳ԾǣƵǾ͵͵¶Цݡ
ףô£ЦݡЦ͸һֵ㡣⵽ô£ˡӸ۱ĺ¥пĲǲʺĻþʵˡʧˣˡүһֲֿĶˡ
ʼϲ֪Ϊʲô¶ص΢Ц˵Ҳ֡ôأүȷԼһðõ硣

6

(Ūε˭أ취Ǹ͵Ϯҵļһ)
ҹɫֽˣҲѾ̺˱ӣ͵ҡҷšҹүһڻ߳˼
Ȼε˸ȤǸ֪Ϊļһɲү׼ϮӦȶԸǡ
ǶˣԼӦСġ
֮Ϩǰкܶ׼ҪүСȡȡľ崰ߵϡ
(ǸһֻܴмŽˡ)
ֺǹ⿿ܴܵģǾֻܿͻһնˡöʮӻġ
ֻѵҵ˺ܲ
Ҳû취ˡүŵ̾˿
ΪֹǼһѾκȻʧˡҪ֪Ȼʧԭͺˡ
Ϊʲôֹͣأ˰ʱûд𰸡أҹѾˡ

տʼΪͿûˡ
úúõĵȻ˵оһӾϨˡһƬڰΧŵүô£Ǹµļһˡ
ڰУǼһϢԽԽŨһүȴһο϶ʹº֡
ү泯һŻûţյѣذγ˵šûǵİԵˣ⻹ǵһΡ
ζӲ飬Ҳֻˣܴܲһ¡
(Ҳһڽˡ)
Ȼ룬ֵǣүȴûһ˿ӡȻԲڴ־һʤȴǵһΡ
(ҲΪҵľɡ)
ǰĺڰһиܣָ
ˡжү಻䷿үԷ΢춯Ǽһַŵôϡ
ſˡ
ȻܶණһСɽ㳯үүһˤںڰķ
еظֱ͵һקʲôԱ߿˹

һ߽УߵűƵˡ
Ǳߣ
ûŪأ
ѩĽŲҽԷײʲôʲôˤˡҰ޵ĳζʱԶʱ
뵰뵰
ڰһͳȻֹͣˡ
ҿɲҪɱŶ
һŵʹⳡɧƽһҹǳЭĽĵү֪˭
(ѵǡ)
ֲָĺڰУ˳Ծ뷨ϵԺ֣︡ǹ⿿Ʋ⣬ܽ⡣үŬԼƽʵ
˵ĻͰѵƵϰɡ
Ĵʯ𡣲һ͵Ĺâɢҹĺڰүǰ
Ҿ۵ÿ밡
ʮＷүϤǡ
ڶм䣬үҰºкͻþòˮ̡弧èүͷֿ͵УղŰԼ󳶵ģ϶
ʼһֻҰļһ廨ļһһֻëĺꡣ
үֻ꣬һһ߽ԭί
һа죬Ƥ·ˣҲүĸȥ̷ݱŮʱȥʹ֮һȻ̷ŮȴºöС
¶ԺϴȥˡȻƤµŭ𻳺ģȴû
һ뺦Ƥ·˵ҲүԴ
֪Ƥº۰Ϊ˵صػƤ²˼󣬾Сġ
һ﷨Ǻܸǿܵȴܿ죬һֱСģǱءԽϴҾٲˡǺǣץ̫ˡ
챻ӡ谵ݶһֻ֣ųһ֣Ѱ쵹ǼԽʦźᣬֳЦ
ץסˡҾͰƤ·һֱܵء
ݶʧˡǼԽʦЦȴͷþûȥ
źұȻкȤ鷢
˵ţһЦ±ߣվ͡ðŭү
벻Ҫ¡ǡҶΪ㣬ôġ
ΪңԶԱ߰سЦ𣿡
үԽ˵ԽԽȴˡ
ԺҲʧˡǲǸееźȮ񡢰󣬺ǽɡ
˵ţִЦţʧݶĺڰС
үŭؿǣ˵أһ˵ҪңΪʲôʧأ
үд֣үһͬСɣǶĬˡ
ȿ˵ʼŸ첲ֱֱغүӡһӺӣһûʲôá
һ˵үΣգϾ͸Ҫȥĵطү˵֪ˣ֮ȴȥݡ
ûҽ°үеˡ
ʼ˵˵ˣҲһ֪ҪɱҲʵʵش᷿϶ܲˡǲһơ
ǹʧԴҶ˽ᡣ
˵⻰Ҳһµӡ
εΪץȦ𣿿֮ǰͱǼһ﹥ˡ
ǲڹؼʱ̳־ǾΪץס죬Źѡ
ʼ˵ôɣүĲˡ
(ʲô֪װ׺ˡ)
үһ٣˵ڡ
ңʼǱر֣һΪ˱˵ΪǱ˿ǵء
Ǿᣬǵĺá
ΪϷ
үͨ죬ԼΪʲôôںǡ
ǣ
үʻǰնǴʧɫȴںɾͰѵˡүŭɶ
ǶôѵңҲҿֻ󰡣
үĻʼͷʵʲô󣿡
ǿԴˮ¹⣬дϯƱǱﻹΣмٵĸ硣ҲŻΪǸΡΪʲôҪĻǣ
үôһ˵
ǶæץˣûʱЩ°˵
ʼҲͷ˵֮Ļô£
үŸô˵ȿˡԭ͵Уȥһ˼ӡ
￴ˡ֮Ϻү˵ţţһһɳƵʧˡ
͵л˵ǸʱΪƻǼԽɵġʼϲԼͬظֳƵ顣
˵үҲ˺ֵ顣ϯҵһֱδĲƱ
Ǽ˼飬еԽԽ֡
ҲǸɵ𣿡үʡ
ƶҡҡͷһ˼£ġ
Ҳ˵ұƣŲ˼Ρ
һΪǸ߰Σû뵽ԭϷ
үŭδһرԹ
⻰ʣү֮ҵ⣬ΪʲôŮͰ?
ΪǰӰ
үҪͣȻһŲæ
Ұӵˡ
һֻҴӻóһѺɫӣӵһݡ
ô£үһʵ
һشǵڻԱߵġ
Ҳ˭ģϵĻһ˽
ǾͰˡ
ǰѺ񰡡
ùһ˵ͬһӡ
ܣûء
ĻүعͷȲѡ
ûлǡһ˵ء
 (⵽ô?ĵ˭?ѵ˵Ҳε˺֪ΪʲôӸҲ֪Ҳ֪ǶŰ)
үΧֶĵؿ
ô£үɫɷɷ׵ġ
Ϊʲô
үûǵĻ
˼εԭ򣬾Ϳҵˣһү֪Ĵ𰸡

7

ҹү᷿ĻߣŻǵĻ㱨
òطɹȥһ£ϼ˵ǰѾسˡ
ûˡֲǲʶ֣ΪˣӦúܿͻϢȻûС
ɽͯ·ѰأܿͻϢǡ
ʼһǡ֪ȥŮʹĶȴֵػص˵
һģӻǻˡҲѾ˰ɡ
Ҳ·ɱˡˣصݡĵ׵飬үҲá
(ΪʲôӸءҿһԭ)
Ȼ֮ʣȴһܺߵӵԭɡΪ֮һֱĬĬؿҲûȴŻġ
ү͵ҵϡʹؿĺɫơ
ÿ𣿡
һΰӲ嵽ͷʱͨүү룬Ҫǵʱöá͹ЦݾʢǣţôĶˣүû뵽ЦݱһŮӵ˼
(Ҫҵʱע⵽úûش)
Լ޷ӦһƬĽ֮飬ȴ͵ңԶĽ˵Ƕ˵º˽⣬ȴûע⵽һŮӵ˼
үؿһ󷢽˵̫ˣʲôûע⵽
ʱĴҵľ崰򿪴һԺվһȫëȴһС׵֡
ɽͯ·ɽҵ˰ʬ壬Ѿ˵ˡ
ĻҶ˵үùԱߵĲͲ࣬ĵðֽˣݸɽͯ
ķ¾ڳɣҾ͸˵
ү̾һһʱҶû˵
ã͵˸˯ʱҪ̫ûϨƣ˾͸ùˡүðֽѺӰã鰸ϡ
µʱ򣬰Ҳڰ߰ɡ
ǰѱ̺ã˯ǰ׼󻹲үȻҲǶǶԣʲôҲȲүҪ
үذ£ȡѵ˰ɣԺ˵Ļ΢һɡҲ־Ĳļһء
ү¶˾ΥЦݡӣǶ
εȻоܲãһôҾԼࡣȻܶһ⣬ҲҪҵСӡһ˴Ҳûʲô¡˵֮ү˱ѡ
үŭδǿ˵
Ҫ
Ǽʼǵļƻġ
ô
ڿз裬үڱ͵Ц̸ĵеˡ
(ҡϣܹ㳤Ȼʲô춯صĴ£ٲڲױ˵˼)
ǣţһĵЦӹүԼϲȴһù
(СԭͲõĻشɡ֪λشǻС֤ݰɡôô˵źأ)
ɫӺͰЦǰʱʱ֡
(һΪһˣһˡһζˡ)
ƺүʲôؿү޿κΣԴǻЦ
¹£ҹѾˡ



1

ݵү᷿Թ˵зλֵһעүԷӡ
үôˣԵô죬ֱţ
ѽûҲԣȫָˣ
ү΢Ц˵Ҫڶ롣ǰĿշ룬ŷ׵һʱʢҲӲ
ƽʱҲͰ롣ĲҪүҪҪԴ
⻰үֳһ˿Ц
ʼʲô˼ѵΪҶ˵㷹ͽǲ˵ÿ춼Ҫһ𣿷˺óԣѵǺ𣿡
⡭˵Ҳǡ
ʢĶȻܽӲڵķʢúүִ
λڽͷŷͨϵĳݣһҾӪ˺ҩĵĴ̼ңҲǽʮȨ̼֮һүһ̫ɽʮ꣬ǳݵļ̳ˡ˰ٰ۰Ĺӡ
º͵ļͣº͵ĻǣϸӸº͵ĸĸг۵ɰǼЩ˵۰塪үЩ˵ı֮³ġиԭүӳһֱһͿȾϼ
Ȼ⼸죬үͻȻ˸ƵģһӺˡҲһһ׶ѴĶﳴȻжκܲࡪԵþ⣬̲˿ͷըĽҲԵýζ
һеѽĪҪʿɽ֮ѵǰף
䲻ӿһǵ紦˵󹤷续еٿع˳ôֵ£үȴ˿ţԾɳԷƸǳţüëûһ¡
ԭڳиܣûⶼΪүĸһƤµĴ֡λƣʵ϶䣬һȮһаүĸүɵտġ
ղŴģҲʶ֡ϲڵ͵СվүԱߣɵضүķ롣ݶĽﹾĳңҲүϥϡ
ӳԷģүɣ
пֱġ
ɲˣϲ
үԵһ룬Ϊʼү塣
ЩСֻм磬һץס֣ټձ˺ܲͱˡү̲סЦõؿ飺סְۡ
ס֣үɱ𣿡
ȭͻһӡ˵һ죬俪ʼҵػζǰરવشүϹ
ţȷүΪʲôͻȻأ
͵ʣʼЦǰүúͯǺʹƤҩáŶҲ֮ǰǧ÷ɺĿĿעĿĿһִ˵е֡ҹʱڴŻǽϳһƬй۾ɴ˵ðɡ
Щ
үԾͣеĿӡ
ɶǺŪֵĺҩ
ˡ
ү˵ţȴûͣ³ԷʼԽԽˣһϵķˣȴɵüͷһˣһֱûж

ǰѼֽϣֽĽǣϵϿӷˮʳֽȡ£ϽͣһЩ̦Ƭǽ±֭һЩֶ̦үϲԵġ
ڳݣүԲҪ죬ϾȻһɰǡ
ȷʵаɰڲϵĳԷ䡷ǰƪ䡷омءʳİⱾ飬ҲܴҵĻӭ
үֳԷȣүɰǵķǱѰжɫСɽҪԼҪɽмڸѼ
Ҳһֱ˵ѼŪôֱɰǸʿɽܲܺͷһ԰ɡ
үɧ뷨Ͱ뷲˶ͬʼȴһһҡͷ
Ϊʲôأүϲĵ
⡣үûбߺȽ߳ĵϰߡҾֳԷݳޡңɰǺӪѽ
һʼСȰүԡүΣҧأǰҲܳԵĶȻʼôҲʢżɰǵӳȥ
ԣ˵ĻԴ
һĸͻСָͣòһЩҪٱӵͲˡ
֪ҳԻ𣬿ɰܲٵ㣿
ʼ΢΢һЦǰСɽһɰүүεҧһڣֻԡһ졣
ףʲô
үŴͣơֻүͷϣһĴָСĽ顣

ǰƳҩ𣬶ųɳˡ
ǱҲسͺŴĻٺͺر׬˺ôһء
ǰǸС¹߾Ȼнӡ
緹᷿ҵУŸղŷֵĽ顣үΧϸ˽ڳݵһ¡
¹﷢ֵǿô죿ԭǷһɰġ
ү㻨Ǯˡӱүò˾ϲء
ʼ˵Ļͷʾͬ
£Ҿ÷ͬСɣԭɡ
Ǿܴ˵ġ񡻰⡺񡻵׼أŪסǡ񡻱үõģԶҲ뿪
һ档ţûµֵĶûʲô仯ѽ˵˰죬ûʲôر顣
үûмǮ֮Ķ
ûоȹڹ߰ȸ
ûоȹϿʵ֣
Ǹңþ˵û֮ǰô֪ǲǳϿʵء
ү̾˿ⶼҡͷ񶨡ȻͻȻʲô͵͵ءһ
ǰһֵĶǲҲ֪𣿡
үôһ˵ԱߵүϵĽ飬¶Ц⡣
ܴ˵ģһʱ벻Ҹ׵ʱҲǰѽμ
Ǹѽ˵
᣿˵ỹġ
ǴԲ졣˵޵Ȼи֣ƺˡȴ˻ϲĶϵһ

2

үɲʲô񡻡
ࡣΣѵ𣿡
үԼҲŽʲô񡹣ɲ˵ǰѽνе᷿ǰôӺ̦ݰᵽ͡
ǡ񡻣ͲᱻԭĵҽˡԭڵĴݣϰȥһӾѰˣöҲǼҵҲûʲô񡻱Ӱɡ
˵Ҳǡ
ϺٺɵЦĽΣຮס
ݹ᾵Σ߹ǸƤûʲôһ۶˾òᵽ֮˵һظԺöɾֲүģĸ˸ɾζɿڵĶַըɾǲЧ
⻹㣬ʼЩϵȵľ·ٺõ·ϣһòʮ껹ʮ꣬Ҳֱ治壬·ٲȻһ߿Ѿõľ
ô񡻹Ȼǽˡ
Щʧԭ֮С˵ǡˣ˶˵˵óɲϡ˵Ǹ֣ȴʵеúܡ
û׼Ͳأ˵ô׾ҳġ
үЦŰ׼ǸʢнƤձĵ̶һձҲкγԣȻ󣬺ݵ
³ʱ򣬺̦˵үĸ֮ΪŮ˸ý˵ýүһֱζ
ˣΣղŵ˼ݵò˳ѽʱ£ǿһʲСĿ
ǰСġСһ·ϱһȺСåҺ֮үåˡСܸмء
ԭôԵ֣ѹҸ綼ǵˡ
ϸ֮յԷ飬һʱûô¡
սε˵֮׵Ĵĩ·ǰϰȾȥ֮
ϰĸɩɩ˵Ůûչˣûռ˵̣̦ȫС
ӶһϲͨƹҲָֻšƶǹˣݽû䡣
룬Ҫֵ󣬿죬Ǳ𣿡
һֶֻŲ豭Ľ͵ЦǰЩӣݵС֮ףû뵽ܲ˳ξʱӴݵġ
үʼĩϸֳһ˿Ц
ѽүЦˡĺ֣ѵѾ֪ˣ
ֻƲѣû֤ݡ
үʼԼƲ⡣
ʱһҩеСһ·С᷿ʼվʲô飬֮󣬾СƵȥˡʱ˹ϽͨһĲͷ
ⲻ޴þò
λͳݺʶĲͷİþǳʳʹţϲ˼ӰΪүүձֵǣβͷһҲû
е֮ڵǱ˵㣬ͰеˡСǲһнεˣˣ
˵Ǹξǰ
ѭ᷿ȥҴӡзƵĺͷ°ڣһضŽΡ
ˣʲô𣿽κͼ֡ǴǱ߷ʲô£
ͷƬ̣ڵȥˡ
ʱ˽Ų֮ˡ
ݵСˡ
ʲô
η˼ľ֮Ӳ
ˣ
˵оеûͷûԣ׶ͻȻˣеȻ
ǰ
ʱү
ˣеĪǱɱİɡĪʮǰʲô£
⻰ͻȻһ˿ɫģȷʮǰġ
ô֪ģòʲôɣʡ
ʼԱ߲Цšͷݹ٣ֲҲձ϶ǳ˴¡
˵ʮǰΪʱʹݵСдֵס
үʼһ¡췢¡

ӴӴⲻǳݵĴϰ𣿡
ᣬСÿʮһǳݵĴУΪ˸лıӣ꿪ˡֺ¡Ļ
˴ǻԵٱΪ׵ĳһжתͷȥӵȺУڹμĵطһϤٱüͷѸƳ֮һۡкǰ֮˵ýýˡ
ϼλԵġ
;ܾˣý˻üЦ׽£ǸٽгעٽгʱĩڣһǳΪּ衣
аƸʮ֮һý˵˵ˣٽȣ¸ΪýµߡҲɷнµһû˵ýԼˡ
λǰЩ˵ĴݵС㡣ԱλСĲ
⻰ٱüּһ㡣С㴩ŻĳͷԱչ˷̵ĲĸװͲμ˵Ҳ¡ˡôż
ԱߵĲ̯ײϡ棬һ㶼ԸѾܾˣӲҪǰδš
ý˵ͼ˼һ棬Ӻķչܿ˫⣬һļҲпܵġ
֮ٱ˽ӣڳݵƣһݽ볤ݣԼõġ
Ȼһ̫ƽʱ硢硹ؽУһܻ䣬ԣΧ˶Ϊݰ֮үԴݵ˲䷳ز²֮׻ỨǮٱÿ̾Ϣֹ
ҪȥҶӲ̫ۣˡиˡ
ѵõүԱ̷ʼһСƣæȥ¼ææӹ硣
ȱæ߰ݵİһֱܹ֮òˣôż
ôһ˵үһС㣬ضųһ˿ǣٿүɵͷ˼
ﶢſģԲ֮
С㣬ǻʼ
ٱǴЦº͡ˢһºˣĿ̴һ˲ŵĻƿŲʼԱǸˣؿģү
Ҹ磬Ǳߡ
үָָվںߵ֮رˡͻȻ˺޹˼ɵЦһԭһһģˣŴ޼ɵЦߵ޵ݣ΢΢ز
˵ʲôǸˣѰ𣿡
һ仰פۿЩţӺ
Ҳ֪֪ܹˡ
ɥҲû֮޿תˡ˶˻ţæֿȺȥ׷ϡý˴Ƭ̣ٱһͷҲתˡֻʣ½һ˹š
ѽѽΪСϴ˲ЦġһʼͲ϶ϴˣȻУһûס͡һ˵ĺˣ˵ŲԵĻ˵ĴȻһ˿Ц
ѽˡûȥˡⲻãҲûɶġ
Ϊô췢ɧүµļһЩĲ̣Ҳʵڿþˡ
״ˡ˾̸ϳˣѽǰеݣô뷹ԣǻ¡
ȷˡ
һߺʱ泩ٱʾͬ⣬Ҳʽݡ
Ψһɻģͷ˼֮Ǿ仰ǣλС㡭ĸҵдţңôûϳأ
үЩѻɽμƷζ仰ĸȤЦˣȻûд𻰡

3

ţ죬ôһ¡
ү׵½꣬һߣŸ첲˼ཱུϸߡ
λҪȥĻ϶ҪͽηѽѽʲôĴкݵ˿϶Ǵ˭Ƕģ֪ҪȥŮ׵ĺûᡣ
ݵСļ˵·һ飬֮ʲô֪
Ϊʲôأ
үû̻شͷ⣬ίڷһ͵ЦĽ
ΣɲаҲŴݵȥˣ֪ô£۲㻹͵Цģ
治ף⵽ôأ
ͷҲȵذתΡ
ϵǰﱾˣҲͲϴˡˣǰͰλСһ룬Ȼ¾ܾôɴ࣬ݿ϶ǲԷ֣þˣ֮үʲôӶ֪
ʲô
һοȥ͹ЦˬһҲơ
ô£֮ǰСͻȻˡ
ݵȻϣ͸ԣĳݽסþ£ĩʽǰǲ̿ô˵ףǰѽ㽻Уͼææ氢ϸϿˡ֮ôλ¡˵Цˡ
ǣСôû뵽Ȼˡ
ͷһ˫۾ǰ͡
ˣûĪ鱾תˣͻȻס˯жǡ
ݽͣһģʽǲɱ֡͵Ц
ѽǼҵۿҪˣ͵˰һͶݵĻᡣã԰Смء
ô˵ݵ˶ܵĹĽΣԷһӦ㣬үһʱĲ㶼ڱ׼
ʵ̹ˣҶûˡ
𡭡˵ο²ɱ˷ඡ
ͷ˵꣬Ѹת֮
㲻ǺͰΪ̵ˣǿʯǲµ֣
үԳټĿ־壬ץס˵̡Цţᰴסүֱ
үģͷ˾ܸɣʹżжʧҲ֮ܰ˴ߡ֮ûɱ˵ɺʱʡ׵Ķ󱾾ǰ̳֮дݣֻҪͰ׾ˣûҪɱˡ
Ļү˿ȴһˡ
־ǰ֮Ϊޣ԰ѽɱˡ
ˣ⻰ûˣ֮ǰҳʲô֪
ףΪ˳μˣܲڰѽɱɡ
ǵ˭ɱ˰أıɱȻûĿ֤ˣͬĴƲ⣬Ǳߵס˿ڱǣϢ
մͷ߲ͣıҲˡһˣƲڱסͷʱƴֵ˵ġ
֣˵һֱڰ﷿ϻһһصľϻ
⻰˶ͷ˼үһ߸ߵ裬һϻװʲôһɽƤձ
ƺ¼ĶǰڱԼ뵽顣
ΪʲôǸϻӻᶪأ
ʼŸ첲˼ϻӶʧԭûһͷҲͬƣֻ׾˵ȥԸʹرŸ첲һϣվ̹ףȻصİӣҲֻһصͷ̾Ϣ
ӦòٻҸ˰ɣ
үȷϣͷȴտڲ
(һһֱţе㲻)
¶ͷƽƺûлشү⣬Ϊǿڣͻᷢ֨֨¸µһǻڻϣߵ鰸ϣĵذߵڻǮѽѽ̺ѽʲôקڵϡ
ѽôˣ
ͷΪǲСĵģϽȥ񣬿ɸշŻȥקôҲʰûһͷΪվ
ҲûȥˡҪʲô֪ͨҡ
ͷ˹ȻԱɽôһձȫɾˡ֮Ҳصȥˡ᷿ǻʳþõǸյתתȥ
ΣүЦһ
ĺ̫ǾȥһЩɡ
үھȥ𣿡
үһãҲѸʼүϾܳţȡǮͣ˽Ρ
æӦпհɣүʱˡݾǱ߲Զɱүһȥ
νӹǮͣȵصɴ۾
үǮ𣿡
˵ǣֲСӣûҿɲҪʲô
˵ţүϲЬԺȥݵĻҩԱߵһС㡣αź󱳣æӺ߸
ǷˣˣôһôǮأ
˼ô˵ģô죿
ǵĶԻүЦˡ
ֻ߼͵ˡֵһų֮еһС꣬װεøɾƯζ˵ĵذڷľ
үСټһŬһľнʲôһרעضһֽ
ڸʲôأ
ѽ
ټĻشȻģմĵĻζټǵ̵ļ̳ˣȴû޲ڵĵĵաˣȻֽдĵķӣŬš
(ްӷ𣡲֪Ҫʲôζĵء)
үҲѡһЩټĵģࡣνˣҪʱүͻȻعͷʣټǸĵ䷽дģԼĵӰ
ǼҸдġѧģøһһء
Ŷ͸ޣ
֪
մټϵۣתۼһ޴ţأͲôˡ
үƺҪ˵ĵһĻܾ֮⣬Ѹ߳ݡ

4

ټġ
ټĵġ
ټĶڶû
᷿ǴڴڵҧүĵġټĵģֻҪһھ֪Ҳ⣬ǳȴһüŽϳˣʳ˳һ١
ү鰸ֽ̿дûŪ׵顣үʹһЩҲﲻϵʲôæɵµúܶࡣ
һڲڳݣ
ڶǱ˭ɱģ
Ϊʲôɱ
ģϻӵĶȥˣ
壬ϻΪʲôᶪʧ
Ϊʲôֲ
ѽүʰΪʲôֲҲ
ۿүдĽΣҡǰϲĲɫȣ¶Ϊѵ΢Ц
үָֽϵ⣬ʽΣΣðСΪʲôɱ
ѽⰳһ벻ûҪɱ˷
С˼ɺ𣿡
Ŷû˵ǳŮһֱҵҵذ︸ĸ⣬ǿǸʵܸɵѽ
ôˣʲô仯أ˭õôһ˭ܰˣ
ţҲûа
ϣһݾ͹鰢ˡݽ˵ѾѱƲĴƸƹԼ˴ϵʣµǮ˵Ĵ㡣ԼҲǼҵļ̳ˣڴݱƲҲֻķݶ
ǲĸأ˵ӦҲ¡ⱾܺõĴݻ˲ĸƹûռ̣ĸռȥҲӭ˹ŵˡ
Ψһܵõôľƹˡ
СѵеһǮ޴ˣƹִݣҲΪ̰
ֶ̦һҹ֮ͻȻΣǮҲҪ൱һǮ
ȫͶ·˰
ү˼һ󲻻ŲæػعͷЩԱ˵õܵкǰ
ǼȥһˣǶûЩô
ָķ鰸үЩϻ
˵ϻû𻭣ľͷġҲм͵ĶҲϻֹһһмʲôطҡ֪ߵĶ͸ˡ
õģõġ
ˬشӦ֮Ǿʧ˺ڰС֮үҪʵĽ˵ϻԵɡ
һϻ͸ʧˣ˵ûϵҲһסļһϻ
˵ϻֽƬһҪĶֲǴӵģǰϻһڵĳط
֪ϻװʲôֽ֪ƬдʲôҲ֪ɱ˶п֪ɱ˭
ԭˡ
һϯƺúȤ뾡⿪գҲһôүọ́һʱ⣬ȴ˰ü
ֻǸˣ᷿εʰɣ
ֻҪ壬Ҿ͸ˣû˻᷿˵ġ
ܾû޴ء
ߴߴ˵ţΧ塣ϵǣǸΧ֣үþûǿˡڿսʱǻˡ
Ϊֹɡ
ȧǸʵ¶һ˲ЦݡүȻҡҡͷ
һָ㿴Űɡ
̱ԭŲ˷һǡΪ˭ȱִһȻ˵
ϻĸ
һ
ĸķһ
ƹ񷿼һ
˷һдֵ˱±һ
˷ϻ˵д֡дʲô֣
үֽˢˢдС־ݡվݡ嵥д嵥ʱ򣬼ҶСַֽϡ
һ¼ǴݣƷǺ̦
үüô¡
˷﷢嵥Ȧꣿ
ǵǣӦǶǼ¼ģֵǣϻ
үң˷﷢ֵϻûֽ֮Ķ
дֵֽ
ϱдʲô֪֡𣿡
ЩЩΪѣүͻȻʲôĿתضš˵֣˳˼
ϻߵĶµò𰸡˵ţүĿ⻺ΡǴݵϰ壬һҪյ̵꣬ô죿
Ǿͳţѵ̺͵ضˡ
أ
㲻ҲֻҪĸڣͲҷſ¡򣬵̦ⶫҲꨡ
ѽͳ
һǷһлľ¹үվ¹ĳȫ߻һ֣үǸҲǰͳһεС롣Сֽáдֵһӡ
ʮһĽӣһǵһμء
¹ǳģؼ֮󣬷߾ȻнӡŽӵֽѾܾˣҲһֱšʼ˵Ըҵ㻨Ǯء
ʮ㻨Ǯ
үЦ˵ӿɲܽ˽֮ʣǮ͸Ρ˵ţүС˳κһֻʣһѹͷһ
ѽǵģүôǮʲôأ
ţΪ˻ЩǮȥһ˴ݡ
ЩǮһ󳵺̦ˣѵô𣿡
ѽҲ
үѽӴվ
֪ϻװʲôֻ˵ҪǮݣΪǮİһǽʱҾ̽˷ֻϻ
үҪţȺͻɡͳȥᰤġ
үûǽΣҪ᷿˵ʲôҲȥסүȡ
°
ˣû¡
˵ȥ
εܴȫƣӲǱүȲšִ£Ա߿ֵҲ壬ͣɣ벻
ȥõġ
ҪƴһкҲð
ʱͻȻֹͣ˳֣ԾԺȥүͽŤһŵӰԾ۾߽

5

ˣʱҶøл̴ˡ
糱ķͨϣүԱߵĲϹ˸л˳ţү켫ˡ
ү˵Ͼܽ⿪Լ⡢˷ܲѡղԺ˵£žүȥݵġ
ֻнοɥҲſү˺ߡ
ϻĻֵ̨ط𣿡
ԡ˵ϸүΪ죬˵һϻԼķ䡣
ѽҪǲǺܿҵ
ţ˵ûҵϻ֪ɱ˶𣿡
϶ܲҸϲɹҲɡ
Ŷú룬ú롣
λڴӴͨŵĴ·ԱߵһԶܿװֵĲдšݡ֡ƹ̫ƽˮͰ̽ͷϾͿͿкͲһͬǰǱúܡ
ӵһ˱޴кˣ˴ǰȡ
ʮСģðĲĸƹơСơŮ֮⣬ھʣˡ˺ߡүмһ
ʧٵϻ˷ҵˡүϻĶĬ˺һ
ϻӲ˷˵Ժ󻹴ҳô˱ضǵġҲ˵ǵеĳɱ˰
ͷͷһͨðüͷֱֱضϻӡ
⡭ϻҽ㰢Ķ١ɾôһϻӣôܶ϶ߵأ
簢˵ϻװ˺ܶдֵֽƬûʲôֵǮĶʱү
Զ϶ϻߵġơ
үɿشϻһֽƬø˿Ŀ֮£ֽƬϽһС۵㡣
Ҳǵðɣǰֱ˵Ĳ豭ˣѪֽϡ
ԭˣ֮ϻӾʧˣ͵ߵֻ֡
һֱԱߵĽοǻļȴһ
ǡҵϻӣҲ֪˭˵ûװʲô˵ĶƾʲôҪģأ
ܲҡͷүСЦˡ
ߵĶ֪˭ˡ԰ɣͷˣ
ţ
˻ţ֪룬ʱѻȸһɵĽүϻ˼ֽƬϯϰڿ
뿴Щֶһ֣֮дú̦˵ķ뺣̦̦̦Ƕ塣
Ҫ˵ú̦ˣү˵벻
һͨ벻ô̦λҲ벻
үôһ˵Ĳĸ֪
ϻֽƬ࣬˵ʹܶءռô˵ķһܲס
ݵĵ䷽ټһܿԼҵĶաͬĵ˵Ǽ򵥵ĺ̦ҲǼ򵥵˴ڵġˣﻹǽ߾ȫıضһ뷨
λ֪С䡷䡷֮ɣ
ܲ䡷УһأݵİⱾ顣
ţ˵䡷
ڲ˹˵˲סصͷ
ǣûС̦䡷
𣿡޴Ҳǵһ˵
䣬˾Ͳ³˰дЩֽƬ⡣
Ҫ𣿡
ܳһеİ䱾˾ͻһļǮôݾܵһʰصǮңֹˡ
Ҫܳһ̦䡷̦ܷǡʱֻҪдݵ֣ʢĽ˾ͻǰ򣬶ǡüӪ⡣ʹͬһֺ̦ҲԸ磬ʱڵǰ顣
Ȼô
˼ֱˣĿתضЩôֽƬ
үֽƬǰ
ЩֽƬʱ˲͸ô˾ɱ֡
ǰҪЩӣӰﴦˡҲǲĸ
۹ôԶҲͲƲˡ 
ϻͲ˷嵥±ߡһֱĬĴݵĻǣ΢΢һ¡
˷д嵥ģƹܴݵƹɣ
ү˵꣬ҵĿˢһ¼еһڴ˶ꡢʮļϡ
ƹɱľ㣡
ĿɿڴŴ͡ƹֱ㶵ضסû˷ֻнҡɫȵžž΢ž
޴æһӣܾ֮󣬲ҩд档ʼˣ̬ʮ䵭ΪϴûкͰүȥŭδ
ͷһŲһߴүôˣ϶ĵЦݡ
ƹѶʱʵˣүҲܹˡ
ɱƹ̣ע̣һֽﷸϣǹì̷ǸʵôͻȻɱ⣬סأеԭүȷʵûŪס
ͷ˵꣬ʼԸ᷿
ⲻǲͷþò
ͷϤ᷿үһѺСɽһıּԱ㡣һŨŨĲҩζ
ѽѵ˷ˣ
ͷʻүֻáȿȿȡ𡣲ͷһƨů͵ĻԱߡ
ϴγţ˰ɣǴΣҲ˹ΪлҰϸڽɡ
үϲ޴˽׷ﷸ£ٲԿʹţĳɷ֡ڰﱻɱһУүȷʵ˴󹦣żүƽġ
ү£ӱԴҲشչͷɤӣ֣µؽ
ɱ£ƹ񶼽ˡͬĴƲȷʵס˰Ϣ
ڴµļͻȻס
ǰ꣬ϰȺʣעʱšԴЩɣ²һ顣
ϰȾȥһ²١Ժƹһڵ¡
ֻǣԴӲĸռ˵ָֻ̣ţƹԽ
Ժ̦ô裬ͻȻˣȴ˳硢ڼӡ⻹㣬ƹҵӪ֧ĵ̣һת۵Ĺ򣬾ҪŴˡһʱ䣬Ϊѵʹࡣ
ȻܹˣҲͲΥϰ˼һĪչ˶ãݾҪˡôʱͻȻˡ죬ȥס
˵ˣƹ뵽ԼҲܼ̳дݡвĸڣ϶Ӫȥˡԣѵ̰ᵽ𴦣ͲЩ˰ڲˡ
ǣ̳˴ݣͱǱǮֻ̣ǮǸ⡣ԣƹʱѾ֪ˡ
Ȼһ죬ƹͻȻԴϢİߣһЩµЩֽôǮҲӭж⡣
ùڼˣΪֻҪס죬ܳΪ̦ļ̳ˡͷԣΪʲô֪ˡ
ֻ֮Ҫ˵ǲ˳˽ᡣƾǵˮƽԿ
Ϊʲôɱ˶֪𣿡
ү˻ƵظšүĲҵط˭ñֽպȫظһ
ıɱܻᱻ֣ѵ𣿡
ƽʱôϤˣôºɱء
Իǵ⣬ֻҡҡͷ
ͬĴʹƹ⣬ش㡣ʣҪɱô롣
ĻشǣҲԸ⡣
̡ܼ
ԼɱˣҲɰ֣Լɱ;ᡣһҲͿֻǣ־֮١ͷʱô˵ת
˵˳ץƹѶʱҲʵʵˡڻǴĵǼһ¡
ץƹʱһ̩ȻȻ˵ĵ뷨ȴݶ
ΪʲôΪʲôɱˣҾɱԾɱˡΪ㡭ѵУ𣿡
ץˣ˹ҲõˣȴЩƣ̾ӣүͻҲ֪˵ʲôá
(Ϊʲôѵ)
ޣү岻ϴãҲûȥ
˵ţվʼתһӡ̧üëָһӡ
ˡ
ӲǰһҲûȫү˵⣬΢΢һЦϸؼȥˡ

6

ͷǵĳͣǲɫ졭
үû꣬żɿȡʼүҩһֲɷ˵ϣүֻܡط
ΡǡʲôҩǡʲôֵĶ
պһͳܣű
Ժûô˵ˡʵʵҪȻβˡ
ĵү֮̿ͷһүӱ̽ͷ͵͵Цء
񡻿²û뵽ĵطɡ
˵ûȻ֪ˡ񡻲ˣѵλ
үһԲˣȻϴεĺЩϵҪǡ뿪˳ݵԵʡŶԣʵϡûݡɵصݵģǸݹᾣҡŲɫȣнεġ񡹡
һҲ񣬲и˵˳д񣬾͵õ˽ʼЦ˵
Ҳˡ˵˵һط͹š񡻣ź춹ըȡ˵ơ
ѵǡ񡻣ǡ񡻣
񲻾ͻƶ
ԭˡ
ΪԼĳݴ˸ǼĻԺү˵ҪʣµĽӸΣξΪسˡ
ѽܲˣȫʼˡ񡹹Ȼڸ˴ƶ
үڱ̾
ͽµ廹ûʤңһء
Ҫġ
ڼҵţ񡻻𣿡˼롣
ݵġҲˣ֪Ժʲôӡ
̦Ǳߣ˵һ̳дݡʧȥƹҲ;ˡܲܺúýѾѪռЩ̣ҪĴˡ
ϵҩðŰӵһǣҡһĻүɵ˿Ϯ
ʮһµݵ᷿ůͼˡ



1

̯ĳԣһСŮһֻĿС
Сֻм磬Ǳżˡһίò֪ӣؿšݵүһ̫վСŮԱߣû⡣
СżˣȻҲˣңƽ˼е֡˵е㲻˼飬ȷʵүͬ顣
СС˺òðƣٸһӡ
ү˵ţһӵ˹ȥСŮǳԱˣסҵ֣ôҲɿǣүһĻʼСŮǰ
ҪǲϲӣӻءϲҸ㻻
ҪϲģҲУҲУֻһºòã
ôһ˵СŮұؿڣԽ߬Խˡ
ԷǸӣү㿴ңҿ㣬˭Ҳûӡ
Ÿ첲˼ʱͻȻСŮ֡һʣСŮػش𣺡塣
ȥң۾ˮģúǺÿ컨ϵȺͷϵȾɫƵͷԲη٣ϱ߲һ֧ǸǮ˼ҵĺӣɲ֪Ϊʲôĸûߡ
ܾе㲻̫԰⡭
ܣʼղͬڲ̯һңû常ĸˣһүһ߸ͷ壬һҡҡͷϻƸղ˵Ļ⺢ӣ·
ݵļ̳ˡүһ̫ɽͻһ˾ΥķгүǰԲڴʱ򣬹ԹԵغҩδǽ͡
źͽ֮䣬пнС·ķشӳԶƬԭ֮ΪֹӶһƬյأˣСһһɶʱС巿ϱέϯӡһټϵĻ̯ųһţ˳ӿമֽĻɺͽͷҲ֣Ƽڴˡүӵ˵˱ǵζŰΧ
Ȼе㳳ȴǸ˺ĵط
ȲϱһгһװĿڴ
ѾʮˣҲһ䣬ôأƣҲǼ໤һġ
(ʼģʱҲܷǳ档˰ɡ)
һҲܸˡͷﴧʶֺҡ˿ǣǷ׷״ү̽ͷүü֡˵Ǵֵ¾ôһ㣬Щ
ӻ̾ƣζʡ
˾˾
úɡ
츾ޣܺóԵġ
үЩöģŴԵĻ̯ͣ
(ӻī㣬ɺС˾㡢츾޺ϡѽĸ԰)
үһţʲôҲû򣬼ǰߡΪֻҪ˵ԣʼǿ϶Լ
ؼڣЩүܳԣֻҧһڳʼǻӦʱɺޡүԼθֻ
ͨ˰ô󣬶һжϢë
(ѽû취ҳһǿɵѡϸ㡣)
ļһȴúܣղۼ⣬˲̯ǰߵĿӣɵسҪԡθںãûʲôɵĵģүҪ򣬴Ӻֻ֣Ӷ
ޣҰºУþòˮ̡Ҳ𣿡
һɫɮµ˺һе̲꣬סҪЦޱȵĶϣҲүʶ֣˼ǣֵгһҲûǵע⡣
үӵݸ֣쵽ǰϷһԱߵ̲סЦһִͺ弧
үдܳһԾ弧ȵ󡣸СӣֻʣһǤˣ׼弧Ƿ
(ȥ)
үϸһΧȻ·кܶˣҡڵ»ε
ǣҵĵӶܴ
Ծط㶣仰־£
ӸֵֶеС·ˡҪǱ˷֣Ҫһˡ
𣿡
Щµǣүġ
ҰºУȻסһɣӻ⣬˵ǮȻү
ЩԵļһһֱǣʵ̫ˣүҲסֻؽס˾ĺ۵ģ
ţ׾˶ٹҰºСˮ̡弧ͺޣͯҲ𣿶ԣֻټ
ͯŶңñѹúܵͣסҲѲ˻ȥһҧסһħ
⿡εСèǱߵСǡ
һ߽סһ߳ӵСŮүͷ
ôͨĺӡ
˵꣬ʼСŮԶȻ˫ۣһԾӡ
⡭Сû
ҵġͨ˿ңܿüŶ
֨֨۷֪СŮѣΪţôҲӲ
ʹĺӣҲһЩܿ֡Ӿܿ
֮мҷˣСŮǲӦˣѰҲҲСŮͬ飬ү͸Խ
ôСĺӷгܣҿǸŮӣҪǱ˿ԶԶģôˣ
ôһӵ˶ûأǶңһͷûС
Ұºͷ˼пνĿֶȥңûһСˡҲ˵һƺûʶ⺢ӡ
ҪʹţҲһҵĸ
ȥţҲûҺӵĸĸôСŮΪʲôһ˴ֵطأҶԻ󲻽ض塣
⣬ôءһء
ΪԳȥ˵ǵĽͣүӺӻ⣬ָ˵س

2

ӣɫͷʣҶƵĺأ
Ů˰˵ذʱĺͷСŴ˼ҪѺͷСڻԱߵүε̾˿
ĸףҴؼĿɲǸװżˣǸ·ĺӡ
ûðѺû취ջǰ˳ݡʣµּѰĸĸ
˵ġڵ˶ãҲҪ·ɡ
һƼүӣذæտҲүˣٸƯĳͷԾûȤ
СﻹǴƯƯĺÿҪиþͺˡѽһ̫ɣ㻹СȢ
ĸף⻰ɲЦÿ¡
ôῪЦأ
⺢Ҳ͸ոɡ
ô˵еСĺͷŸе˵
һֱһŵʼҲ̲סСЦ
ĸײż𣿡
ҲΪһѪͳһ̫ԾѵĻ˵ȴںÿʱһ̫һĸÿڹӣţͻʪۿ
ţݵϰٱͻȻЦеسǰﻹһ֧ɱµĻ
˵òÿ
ѽÿɰүһÿ
ӣ״Ҫĸװװż˵Ϸˣүĸһ·ɵ˾⡣˳ذѻӹͷǸ˵Цӡүߵ׽ǰûа޴˽
дСȥˡһΪǲļĶǸ˼ҵĺӣӦúֻܿܲǣĸôϲҿڼҲ
ɲаס
ĸ׺ͺö࿪ѽ
ĸĸһĵòءĸż
⵹Ҳǡ
׵Ļشүڷĵذ֧ϣ̾һĸӣΪ˲Ͻĵʳʶ̡үæ
(Ϊʲôһ˸أⳡϣȴô档)
һ²˼飬Ǿǣ׶ͬĸĸ֮˵䵭ȫ˿ĸ׺Լȴ۰Ըӡ
ĸԺƯʡүʱʱӸ׵ﵱУŮֲ֮˼΢С
˵ףĸ£޶ȵطΰɲСƽʱĸԣӦúܲĲŶԣѵûѵ
ŰмӶЦĸĸү̾һ
ͽаĴ֣Ҳǻʼȣĸװƫ䳣ĵطءˣûֵаǸ̺ţʵ㣬ԹǣȮ͵УʱҪȰЩ̫ˣ
ⶼΪһѪͳôү֮ǰѾȥĸһʲôأð亹游ǻǵãӡǸˡ游ʱΪֵĸమ˻˽ˡ游ʱʿȻѼͥ͵λԺ游ϳϿҰȴ̺һɽ緢ļ顣үͻȻžžô塣
(ߣǲҲĸأԼһ׵Ķӣ游Ѫһĸĸ׵Ѫͳǲһ˽ϺĵŮĳطҵˣѵ˵İţǣ˽ˣϵøðʹ˽Ҳ游ֻһ˾ʹҵɹһҵ̡ûϢ)
үڳ˼ӵǱһСƣ˵ϽͨһĲͷ޴˵ˡ
ŶǾ˵ú˵ټˡԳޱźı顣
ʱ˲ͷֻҪǴ̺ų£һܶ𣬾һб֤ɲ֪ôͷ˵ɫȴá
ļû鵽
ͷһƨһǡĻү˶ȵ˫ۡôǸԣ˼ҵСͷ˽㣬ֻҪһ̲ĸĸ״ҶôΪ˵û鵽һ
ǴӺԶĵطģ
һЩ͹ˡ֪֣ĸʲôģҲ
Ϊǳϰٱе£ɴؽΣϣϣӾǽ죬һԲ
壬峤Ȼ£ĵؿˣ˵ûϵġ
ͷŬװһϸǻƺˣµض㵽˰֮󣬲ʲôֻһҡͷ
һʼһ˵ˡ˵֮үһҪԿСӵĿ൱侲
ǹ¡ӳôʱٶථҲǻ¡ϰϰ֮ģҲ˰ɡ
ţ壬˽ûа
ү⣬Ȼ첻شʶǹⲻ
ʱӽС·ˡгȲصһͨû׷ѣõ˹һ
кü˶˵һԴűߵС˵һƯĺɫͷ
˵ǴӴű߹ġ
žĴȣͻȻǱҲ̺ţԺǱߵĲкվȴ֪ιʱסˡ
ˣҪʹˡ
ʲô˵ǴǱߣǽţ
Ҳǡʵ߹ĺš
䣬˶ʱޱȾͲ⡣
ſǼ뽭С·Զĵط˵Ǵű߻Ⱥ˿ŵĴ
˵꣬ٱʼ۲һֱ˵塣
뺣ﴨϼһһһʮ䣨ע䣬ȵλ1Ϊ6ߣԼ1.818׵ĴšڴɰߵľάҪǮСпܻȺš򶫹ţͻᵽ
Ȼûһ˴Ļȥһ˰ɡ
ڳݵٱǰȱڿ졣վŲͱһ˻
ܻؼҡ岻ؼҡ
˵ţСŮͽץס˰½ǡˣǰ˴աø֮ǰүæǰô¡
ôˣǲڼҰˣ
һ߻ζͷϵĻһϸүĺҹһ㡣
ȥͻˡ
һ±ѻȸ

3

޴Ӷ԰һĲȡϵûѶٹͲ鵽˺ӵݡһľݵС㡣
ľ̾ۼ·͹ԶźܶԲľ׮ӡүͷͻʼ壬ŲϤķ羰ȵ۾
ݣɵһӵӭ˳ֶŮƽĵشһ˵ǰ
壬ڵ˺ü顣̫ллˡǳݵģǴǰͨǼҵꣿȻܵôԶĵطȥˡ
ѽүѸٻһݣûһ˴߳壬Ҳû˿˲ա_㣬ʼҲͷͬҪûʲôΣˣүĵǰ
ඣ壬㲻Ҫɣ
Ҳǲһܰĵӡ
лл塣
΢΢һЦ˶ү˸񣬾Ů߽ȥˣֻʣү
ţ壿
ʮͱˡ塹УүûӦͱһסЦĲͷţʼһͬŲԶһ䣬һνɵĵллõķ׼ˡ
ҸɩҲϰӦǰлʧ٣̫˲æҲʵڱǸ
ַأʾл⡣λʮ꣬˽൱壬䲻ʼüĿ㣬ɫ̸֮һֶ֮¾ദ졣
ôЩ񣬽Ϊݵһɡ
лСӣ֮󣬳ҲóһЩӴлͷ߼ˣϲüЦ
ǣүǺܵ˵ġɡˣȣүע۽ǿǱ˴ĵࡣүʼ˸ɫʼ̴ӻʱΪү׼õȡ˳үóһƬҩݵǰ
ҲӪҩУҩưظ࣬רε˵ġ԰ɡ
治˼ܿء
Ц⸱ȵӣʼȫᣬָϻһӡҲǾΪ飬ɸϽֱ۲
˵ΪӵıˣҪ׸˼ҡ˵£иŮʡ
ӱʰúܲҡɿܾŮ˷ֶֶΣˡ·һҲ֡ѵĿĳ棬Ծú£
һֱҲ²ȥܱһѡʣ͵òү뷨г
ڳʱôҲѸ¸ǡΪʲô˵ɡ뵽ĸĸżԸϽͻȥǾ仰һֱϡеԭ򣬷һ¡
үôһʣɫһ䣬ָֻ˴˽ʱĺͰͷ
˵Ļԭֻ֪ǡ˵ǲҪԤֻҪǲԤҾͺܸмˡ
˸ʼ渵д˵кΪˣϰڵ޽
ĸ£ĸ£ͺˡ
үʼֵĻҡҡͷûк꣬к¶ҥԡ
ɲô˵˼ҽˣҲˣˣֻдظүɵվ˳㽫ﴧŵҶ䵽ϡ忴üҡүĵǣһΣգʹӵԶĵȥֻҪӵүĸƤµͬǾͻΣա
ҪӣͻȻǱߴһܵǰ
ˣˣղ˵ĸʬƯӹˡ
ɵʱú͸ֽһסүԺУӹ˵Ǿ仰
ȥͻˡ
ֻǣĲ塣

ɳ嵽档үһиȥԶЩĺӹԣΧһȺˡһصάһĲ졣˵֮һֱæ顣߿أ̷ֿȺȥк
ôͨ߲ͷˡ嵹ƽ£˵ڽС·ǱҵģҲ˵ûĸһ𡣡
ͷǾȫʪĽӲʬ˵ĸүԭݰʮŮˣʵϣᡣ룬ŵʱܱ¡
ûп˸˵ĺۼҲûбչӵɣ
ɵ΢΢һ£ĬĬҡҡͷس̾һ
ӣָд˵ˡʹûн£Ҳ˽ַھ۵ĶʲôҹëȻĹܿι״Ӱʲôϡ¶С컹ֳ¿ˡ
˵Ǵ̺ŵ£Ҳ˿档үʲʲô߻ش˵ƺھӪһŷݡ
(ѹ˵ôɴˬԭǲ˺ôҲ˵ղ˵Ķˡ)
ڣƺֹŹֵ԰ΧˡˣݵĶŮ廹ҺԶĵط·Σ֮Уĸˮ
ȥͻˡ仰ȻүԺлص
(ֲܣ²а)
ˮ¼ŪףΪˣҲֻǲᷳѡοʼү˼ǣܵүһֱվţ֧ε
һ׼ɸǡɾʱүסˣһŮݳܹ
һŮˡ
ͷϲһ֧޴Ļһɫĳͷϱž޴ĵҴҵأܵͷ·ҲԽԽүӾˡ
(𣿲ԣѽѵǲֿİǽ˾Ů)
ŮͿһİ׷ۣˮĨʯһ֬ҲŨŨͿ㣬˺Ϻ̵Ĳɫˣüëø˲Ȼĳ̶ȡ޽ǻһ޵۵ĺ컨⸱ܸ˾޴ĳ
Ȼ˼ǣΧ˿Ϊ졣үˣϤŮˡŮүǰͣס˽Ų
ɺк˰˵꣬סŮ˵֡
(Ŷа)
ͳżƵĵطֻſеİƤүɴϸƣɻعͷʼܡ
λǺ׷һɫݵǧҵδޡ
⡭μ棬ա
үؽߴӰƿ˸񡣶Ũױ̫ã˼ϾҪ˲ˡʼ侲ԱߵؿŰͨ죬˵Ļƴʡ
Ҹղȥ˵ˡû°ɣ
˵ǻװǻƵζȻɻشȴº͡ߵԽԽˣү˸ϽȺг˳

4

˵ףƽʱû˵һáûĻ
ȻĿҡ
ѵ𣿡
ޣѵ˭ҲȻ㱨ҪҾ˵ˡ
Ժүʳڵĳݵ᷿Ϊ˭Ȼ㱨Ťһšү˵ȴεؿ鰸ϣһ̾һߵǳꡣΣ۾һԲӻͳһֽһš꡹һ죬һŵ̾ɢˣϡﻩعϡ
үǷԸǵҪ˵Ϳ˵ôĥĥģ;ƿɾͶҪˡ
кֻܶڳ䷿һǣү׼˺óԵġˣʼ㱨ԼĽ
һΪ֪ľУúܴн̤ʵصĺÿڱ׬ǮǮ治
ȿڵ͵СȣǶҧгݵغ޺޲ѡͣһ£ֿǻˣ
Ǳġϰõĺӡ˵ŮԭикСʱ컨زˡ֮һֱûӣԾͱ塣
ޣԭ岻ġ
˴ε·¼ûйϵǣү룬ȴû˵ʲô
Ǹ˵ϰ˺ӡ
˵è˲ϵëԵģǷīǳ̬СҵʦסصɫʼɻֻһүȲ衣
ޣסݸһɧŮ˶˵ȥ˵£ɸûСӵһôء
˵ҰºУƺĴԾ¶
ûӤ˼̳ˣͲҪˡ
ʼ˳˼үȴҡҡͷ
к³
үݻ֤ʵľĵ겢ûСӵ򲼡ʹϰĻУھͰ嵱жд̣Ҿú֡
ϰǰйһӣزˡӺزһϡ棬˵Եʡ˵һӣҲѺò״ǶĺһߺŲ裬һ߹š
˵Ǽ£д˵ϰиңǲҵġ
˵ǴͺΪεǶʮֻԾ
Ҵӱ˵ȥĸϲˣ˾ɡ
˵һǸ˲֪˲Ůǻӭڿ桢̤ʵֺ˳¾ˣȷʵЩúõ˸ӮŮ˵ķġףŮǶĵ׷סĴԶ׽ˡ
֮δݷݣǸƺЩ仯
˵ɳΪ̰ͼԷҲˣŮеԽԽ෴ǵȴˣ˵Ϊ˽ŨױĨδ޶ܽܣʵڿɼΡ
үǸʲôˣױôŨ𣿡
ʻˮ̡λø롣
ҿɲ֪ʲô
ǻүк𣿡
Ҫǰϵİ׷۶ҿܾϲˡ
ŶͿĳҲֻˡ
ʼҲЦŵͷͬ⡣
ܽ˵ڰʯǽϻϱӡ۾һ
һ仰ȫˡ
ү裬ʼ˲ʢľҶ⡣һұү֣ϱʼָ˻ȥүÿһ˭ֶ֪˳үЦ
ҶⲻûϵʳָҰɡ
Ҳ˵жš
ûϵһ߳һ˵ѽ
ҰºлڸҴƱͷʢĴӡմϺɵţȣһƺһתȵ͵ÿһǰ
˵ǰϰĵܵܣҲɼ̳ݡ
Ұºв˵ʲôƺȡ
֪Ϊʲôָĳ׸Ůˡ
̫ˣӦֻСϰɣ
һϰͱ塣
˭ں˭˵ֲ֮˷ʣĸͻشүһ߳ζĸһȫעš
ɹȥҲйΪϰ뷨Ȼ쳣ô˵ҲǴ̺ŵС㣬ףܵϰ塣
𡭡ȫˣ͵һֻסӣںȾƣ˷ܵ˵̸Ƶĺͷ°ڣһȻӣ˵ҪԴ˴¼һͣϴô֧˶䡣
ˣˣеĲϰĸ
˵ϲɣôɾǸˡ
˵׸ѾҪǱĸ£ɾˡŮ˽еӱߣʼҪҪѺӴϼ
ӹͱ˲˰
ˮ̡˵飬ӡնʱ˵ˮ
Щƽŵ͵ȫõҸо֮С
ʱүȻһ⡣ĸΪʲô·أ
ĸԱ߿ţӾܵȥˣţһ
һ·ҲҵںԶĽС·˵ȥͻˡҾûɱĶ
үΪ˲ӣɲЩŶ
һͨ˵̣үЦżԷʱèʲô
ǣôΣϰΪʲôûүǰ¶أ᲻Ѿɱˣأ쵽ЩԾú£
èԾӢɵͦšһ볳үȴҡҡͷ
ݵϰĲˣǸش͵ˡ
ȻתͷЩݵǷ񿴼ϰ򸾡
˰ߵķ
شܿ϶ҲͲˡ
ûóһĽأǶˣ㱨ᣬ޷ȥʼüͷԹһʼǴԴȵĽ
ˣⲻҲܺ
үЦʢӵ֡үôʳǵתˡ

5

ɵδް˳ҩеĵǰ
վǸ۵Ũױǲ֮ܳΪɤӣһž˵ע⡣Сүϳӭӡ
֮УǰݷáǰͻؼȥǸм֡ϰ򸾱ӦϵлϰǷѣǰ
˵꣬óһ治֪ĸ׿˵ʲôүûףǸϽѰõ᷿
廹ðɣ
ţһֱãǰԺһĸڻе㲻ϰߡ
˳ԾģǰȻЩŹ棬˵ȴһˣӦǡ壬׼ȷץס̸ݡүһǰ԰ӡһͨˮ֮󣬶԰˵еһ£֪Ƿԣ˵·Ҽҵʱ˵ȥͻˡ֪ΪʲôҪô˵𣿡
ô˵ѽ
΢һȻջû˵ʲôƺܽ
ֻһԡ˵ݵϰ˺ӡ
ѽûӰ£ҥ˻ء
ôкҲǺ޸ˣ    i
ôൾ磬ǵʹߣ϶æó鲻Ļй
šشȤ˵ҲһѪ졣
д˵ϰиңҲҥ𣿡
߱Է˺ר飬ȢʱΧ˶ԣǼֵס
Χ˶ԣΪʲôأ
ҧסӣСڣС˵©ˡһֻϱߵİ׷һѿۿҪүˣЩ¡Ȼһֻؿ˿ڣԼľٶеá
ϰСʱĸ򱻺긽ʣҲͺܳһʱû˵ǳǳһЦ˵ҶԸһԵ̬֡һ˵˵£˵ԼذԼҲ¡
(ŮԵѡǰˣΪʲôأ)
еǶ
(ݻ಻Ϊ֪£ú£Щйϵ)
֮󣬾;һЩ޹ʹʴ𡣲󹤷򣬰;ȥˡڵſڵʱҩеİͻȻڵ
ĸףôˣ
˵Ǳ͹ˡû𣿡
ֻаһˣЩʧ˼ǣƺ˿ûע⵽ϵŨױƽҲоһ㣬˵ܷɡ
ǲһֱأԺҪлͺˡǼҵĵһɫݾڴһҪ׸ҲᵽҼ档ҪһɫͲԶˡ
ǸáǺɰһҶӵϱء
Ҫٴһһߣտء
ʲôȵȣ
үڵſڴûȵŮ˵ĶԻ̫ȣ̲סҪáСŮףȫȻΪ棬еˡ
(ѵҵĸо˲̫һ)
ѽһ̫ɣɶ
⡣
үΪѵز֪𣬰Űǽһϸֳһ˿Ц⣬֮͸ǻȥˡ鿴İҲȥˡ
ղŵ̸һ磬ӵſڹιɢȥȻүУһ·Ų¡

ϱҲУŮҲգӵڶ糿үճԹ緹ͻȻն˵
ﰲ˺һȻѷŲԱߣ͵Է
ʼַүϡ
Ǹʲôûա
ͻȻҪȢһСŮΪޣΪʲôأ
λһү
ϣ˺ܾá˵ĵʵ̫࣬ҾǳݶһȽϺá
ģʲô
үᶨӭλƵ
Ҿãֲܣпܱɱ
ʱݶĽ䴫˺ܴġߴߴ¸¡ߴǶܵġȻλƶү˵ʱ򣬱Ȼƽ
ô͵óأ
Ӳ˵¿³ɲˡү鰸ǰűʡÿ˼·ʱѽ˵һдֽϡ
ΪʲôᵽݺԶĽС·
⻹Ǳ
д˵кʵûк꣬ô£
ϰǷвң  (д˵ǲ)
ΪʲôӴ˵Ķϰֵɣ
ŮԵΪʲôѡ񰢳Ϊδޣ
ݵϰﰢûӣ
Ϊʲô˵ȥͻˡ
ҾϰûвңΪ˵ȷʵûУҲ˵ϰŮ
дļУүĵǺ
ֻǸҥûк꣬ѾȷϹ𣿡ʼ˵
үˣͷ
ѽҥԣ˵ֵ˻ӰϰﻳУҲɡϰﰢ߲ˣΨһŮʧˣҵͻȥ
ߵĸײǱ긽壬ΪϰʱΧ˶ء
үĻ˵롭Ǳ긽ˣŲҳˡ
Ǿ˵ĸסһ
˰ɣһ㶼û͵ºҲ²⡣֪Լ˭ΪҲùŹȷˡ˶ΪǺ긽壬ҿ
ʼ̾˿ҩдôãѾµ˲֢ڡ
ϰûкӣֲ˵ͻģǰӵڵҲ˵
ǰǰϰԴװֵֹ¡
ү˵ӵǱߴܴ˵ҪԺ￴һŨױİ˦Ƴ
ûУأ֪ȥ
ʹͿ˺üۣܿŶӲ
ѵ·ˣôСӦò̫Զɡǰĸų˵꣬⸽
ǡϰһϰ˵ãͺһˣҲûء˻ơ
үͳᶨ˵ѴҼȥ壬ǺݵϰһҵˣֱӰ
ôѽүȻһô·أ
Ի󲻽ʡ
үشʱһֱŰƺȷϡ
ϰͷѾˣΣգΪɱĸģܾǰߡ
ţ޵㵽һϰҲĵطսԺסûпڡ

6

ȥݡѾԱҳȥˣݴ͹˵šɰĴİ¿ĸ߱Ҳүһ塣߱ʹͷ̱öڵˡ
齻տ֮һ˹ţ֮ǰС·嵽Զĵط
˵µɩڵ״̬ҺܳԾ
ϰ£ݵڶڽҲиֵҥԡҲΪּԽԽ԰ɡ
ˮϻǰүС˵ָָ꣬ϵһץˡ
ϰŪ˵İɣǰǿҲǰɣ
һֱҧ촽΢΢˵ͷ
ע⵽ɩе㲻Ծǰ£ɩԼҲƺʶ˵ĸ׵꣬ܿ־塭
Ųļأĸױصǰ˻ߵش󺰴СҲһʱʱһ񻯡
ɩǸеųˣΪˣžøһ죬˵ͻȻʲô֪˺أԼҲܵ㡣
ݵ֪߱ĸײȢԲûаѰ߹ؽӣ˼֪ߣð߳һЩΪʵ˲ġȻԽԽ㣬ҺϣҲòһЩԷˡ
ҹһͻȻӷȥѵúͳŪ߰㣬ˣһһа˼֮С
˵ȥĺӻڶ˵߱бŮˣҪȭͷ塣
ԼĶӲˣȴһʶŮɵô󶯸λõʱ۵ú޲ú岻ˣȭͷʹĸǰѺӱˣɺȴ£Ӱ
ĸӵҲĵطȥҪţһݺԶĵطǣ߷ˡ
֪˴ӵʧʱҸ籧ͷſϡ
ҵһ·ϵİߣԽԽˣʲô
һ壬ƽ£Ǵĵһү˵ʱһˡҾ롭ɩǲѾԱİ֡
ɵĵʬܿ챻ˡ
һ̫ɣ˵Ժôɩأɱѽ
΢ڴ߻ص۾ֱֱضүɫࡢʹࡢӱܡ
ɩӲһǵɱˡǣ廹ʱʱ˵飬һỳǺ긽壬ΪƭˣĻС
ǻܵġ
Ұиĸֵܣ˵˭Ժɱˣ¶Ѿ޷ء
ǲ΢ƺϾҪ΢紵ɢ
ҾãΨһԸɩӰضȹÿһ죬ֱһ̡ԴӷЩԺɩӾͳΣҲˡǵɩӷᱻ֣ÿĵعӡشԲջ¸ġ
ʧȥ˫׵ɩӾǼˣʲôҪʧȥǣϣϣԸչ
һûȷ𰸵ӦѡĶʹΪѣһѡҲܣΪѡҲһѡ
ү벻شʱʼ򾲵
ô˵䷢壬£һ¾֪ôˣⷢҲûá
Ȼǻǧ֣ɽүͷ˿
ԱߵȴȵŴ۾
ȷʵˡи߼Ȼ࡭һ߿ˮ棬һ߸̾˲ò࣬ϵıҲͻһЩ
˵ˡױúŨƧʵϺᡣ
ǰҺͰ̸Ǹˡ
үô˵ݸһЦ˵һܻӭǣʼҼʱҺɩûʲôϵһЩĸרɩǲǱ긽ˡ
ֻаһ˹ɩӣɽ˵ɩӳ쳣ľٶ֮Ҳܻغ̸ģذҡʱһȾʧȥ˫ף֮һֱ游ĸλ˺ͰԸ񲻺͡
游ĸϣԼȥ֮ŮܶԹ̵ܽԽΪϸ񡣲̸ŮӦյļϵ¡
ܰŬ游ĸûһ䡣һ죬ΪǲƵ飬õƷŻһױȻúܵǱݺѵһ١Ӵ游ĸ̵ܽԽϸˡԺױƺԽԽŨԽԽޣ游ĸҲԽԽģô˵֬۵ӦоУãԾһֱô
ȻױȷŨߣϰˡ
ѻױΪʹı֣Ƿ飬Ҳͻ᲻Ծӿ⡣ȢԸ񲻺ϵΪޣֻһᷳˣʡɵ뷨졣뵽⣬үͻȻתʼ
Ҳ˰ɣ׶ĸô۰Ҳһİ
ѽүʵ俴СءɱЦ˵
үˣ˵رź棬ԼСӿί
(ǡҲûʲô)
ɶôŨױ⣬үеĽ
ʱүͻȻԼǰˮ沨
(кŮɡ)
˳ָķȥͿ˷гҲһòԶ
ϸһȺʲôڰ߱ܣ߻һŮ׷ϡ
壡
ɩӣ
˸Ͻô˰

7

ڽС·гظ˽סߣȻסΧ۵ˡ
Ϊ˻ŪۣʼҰºֱܴ󣬶ԸһŮȴ£˵߷״Բһ㡣
ˮ̡ԱߴŴ˵ҷ޿ǰܣ˭֪հүķԸŮ˾׷ˡ
߳ŵʱ򻹺Ӱ·ֱа˼ˡǾµҪ壬֮û⣬ֻĴܡ
ڸܻشɵ⣬ͷɢһ˫۾֪ֱֻ㶵صš
ô˵һжʱƽƽ£һְǲ࣬ǿǡ
һֱܵģɩӣǻؼҰɡɰѰ߱
ɧ˳ƽϢΧ۵˷׷ɢȥгɧԲûӣүĵ˿
ǵлִɢȥ֮ʼ壬үŰߣһؽűţ׼һͬȥ
ʱ䲻ת˽ŷڿһڹŵˡɿƺָһɩӣ

˵ģǱɱĸ֡ǿ˭˰أֻ岻ͣطһˡ
ɩӣѾˡûɩӣ
ƺûȥ仰ͻȻһ˦ɣһеԶȥϾ׷һˣûܶԶŵ²ʹһӵ˴š
ɩӡ
ɷһ
кܶബȻ٣̾м߱Ϊ˼ʱȥҽΣҸæƽŰϡ
ү壬еȥݱŵ񣬼Ҵ˴ڴϿԿ̧߱ߣűƴغˣҲ޿κˣүɵӯϽŬס۾

һ֮ϰǰݷóݡԲһ֮󣬾Ϩ˻һȻ֮졣ݵ߱ϵظлΪߺ˺ܶģ֮ͻȥˡ
ˣүڵ᷿үΪ˺ӷ磬屾ͲãЩûȥùĹҵģ᷿ﱧŻʼΪ˲ʹӺеúܺ
ŴʮǰҾһֱԴó᷿һʼ̫ˣûܳϯʵڱǸ
ﻰ˵ˣҺܵġɫкһЩ̫ˡ
΢һЩȻͦԵƽݣ˽Եʡ
ʵϣ鶼ش˲ˡɩǰҹϣͶ˵ˡ
ڰ֮һ£Ҳƶ˳ĸ׵£Ժܶ뵽ˡ
߱Բ˵˰ĸһ൱Ǯһŵʱ򣬲Եص˵ͷȻѾˣҲֻЩ
˼ǣɩȥǰһңͻȻϵ͸ˣȻ忴ǲãþöûôĹˡ
£óһʱ䶼°ߣĸֻˣšСӻ̵ֻϲĻ˵Щͳĸ׵
ɿһۺԺ
һ̫ɣһڿ˼ǰֻһ··ԼѡģʱӦηŲأ
⣬ү޷
(ǣǱ˵£ҲһҲһһ¡)
ٲӱܡȷѡ
(ͺˡ)
ҲûȷеĴ𰸣ǻܿתƵ˺ͰĻǣү俴ϻŵٻʱӰֵָԺСǰȻȴˡ
峤Ժ󣬻ǵЩ𣿵ԸЩµʱ򣬲ҪֻпµĻ䣬ҲĻүŲ豭һνĿͶϵٻ

è

1

Ĵ̺ųݵүһ̫ɣ£
һϲġɫƲʡˡ
ڶèС豻ץҰĹ¡
ûӣȴ¡

ӪкҩеĳݣͨһĨǽĵ̣죬ҵ˺ܶ˶ַǷ
ʼȴһֱԺµ᷿ڳݣֻҪүͲܵ𱸣ϰٱǸ۰ӶĸסʱΪλȵ̡ǮүҪүڤ˼롣
ƲʾܵĶȥأ
᲻ǳϼʱϵƲʻһˣ
ү޾ɵڻвͼĻԡ
ôϧɫƲŪˣƲʴȭͷô󣬻ųһөԼԼҺɫԡƮƮظڿУ˼ˣپ泩ȻҲͽ˶ѣʲô˲Ķ
ô˼ĶΪʲôү᷿أ˵ǳԵԵʡһ˵ӰʵһǧĴ֣Ƥ£Ҳ˵үֵ
ԵΪүɫƲʡǰЩӣһλ൱ټϡʹƲǰá
ⲻǼԽ˵ʦþò
ǸªĴӣһĴֻ֡Ƽˣæͷ
һ̫ɣƤ·һֱء
мԽ˵᷿ղŻһش𻰣һүһ̴󸣱ЦԾ˵ٶȴۿҪԸ⡣
񻹲Ҿͷˡûкһ㰡
ôõ£ֱǰ컹Դء겡ٴΣҶǲˡ
Աߵôһ˵үе˵ر
ԽЦһ֮󣬾ǵĽȥ֮ǰүһнƵС
ǿͨĻƣݱŮԺϣ㡣Բڴʱ򣬾ܽơ
ԺܷųâƲʾͳүİ֮
в֪᷿һɰ齻е֡͵УүƮڷƲʡ
Ȼһ糿ͻȻǿİƲʲˡ
үæܵһͨûҵȥңɻǶ˵պã岻óȥ
ҶʮˣǲܳţӤʲôǾͲ΢ɵ𣿡
ҪȥҲõЩ˵Ҫٵһ˵ȥߣȥöû˹ܡ
˵ݶϣүȫûơˣүҲģڻԱ¡¿ˡˡϽͨһĲͷ޴ˡ
ѽүûԲڴٺòˡ
⵱Ȼ˼ҵĺѣʵоԼûϢү˵ʼӵǱ߶еúܺ˸ղǸʢ󸣱Ŀյ̡֪ĵ̺־Ħͷüˣһת۾ͳԸ⣬֮󣬾͸Ͻ˵˽ֵһ
·Щ˲֣ΪȤʹǶ顭
ԺڵϹźܶСɰô£ס
үʧƲʣûúͷ˵ΪʵΣں棬һ䡣ͷӻͳһСȭͷС֯͡ޱȵĽкɰү
ҰµĺԺкܶĶ֦ϡǸкܶ¾һ
ȥ껹ΪǮء
үʲôµµתתԱߵʼСЦ
᷿ÿ˶ϤΪиԽħɮˣпȥµɧʱүʦ˼Ż
ǮͼӰͺܿͬʱҲһĺСүŻͱҪȥ˶ʮӡ
ǷǱѰܷӶ٣ǮƳȵġ˵ܴ˵Ǹɮˣȱıƺںʧ
ү˵Һɰǳڱ
Ҳ˵Щ÷͵ȪͱסĹǵıͷ仰үЦҡҡͷ
ȪзӣڹϽȥһٳ
үĻش𣬲ͷʹüëֱɵɵضźɰߺ
(ӣͷ£ƺ̫иһ̸ˣҲǹµˡ)
Ժڷ£϶ڴΣһĸɮϡͿεļ¼͵͵ظ˲ͷͷԼ͸˳ݵ᷿
ʼһЦһ˵ŷܵĻˣǸɰ϶ǰȥΰݵͽΪȥİɣ
ʼ˲ͷĿǵõ𣬾ͱײεĻȻͷȴʵЩɰú޵ĲɣеԭҲ֪
ΪԸҺɰˣӦúǮԾü鲼ͷ˺ɰ֤ɰͽߴȥİĸɮģƯ˵Ĳֽ
ǡ
޴˵ıһӱÿ֮ûã͸ˣǮ˵ԭȥˡ
᷿ܽСţŵݣҲλҩǽַǰˡųǶȥĲͷıӰүʼüͷ
⡭㲻ӦϷŪ޴ˣºԺиɽʯɰͥ˵һͽ롣Ʋְ
ʲôΪ˴׬Ǯҿǰæġû˵ȥʲôԵģ˵ϹҺɰûʲôӰ죬ŲҲѽ
⡭˵
˵ǽַǱߴ˼һͷѪɫܡ
ˣˣ
վӭŲͷǽַȥݲͷ˵ղǰվһŮˣλƵسԽԽΪҪ˹촽ͻȻѳ롣
ͷɫ࣬һΣһƨүԺֻһݣӲַ˺Ժﱧһֻè
ˣѲɡֻèˣ
è
ͷǰֻɫèǷȷѿġԽԽ죬
治˼أͿˣ
ͷλεվΪ˸飬ʼҶͲĺ׻ǰšͷӹǣΪ˲Ūæ˺ͷûʲôˣүڷĵ˿
ͷȥ֮үеڣֻղֲè
Ҳ˵ڳݵԺŻ𣿡
è۵һףбΪΣһ൱ұ˵Ůӡèаס
ұүæģǱǸղһͷ֪ΪʲôͻȻһš
˵ͻȻϷŪͷҪ˵һ޴ˣƵǲү鷳ˡèһصǸү̾û취Ĺô˵ֵΪҲǳе¡
ôҪ˵ʲô££ϡ氡
ү⻰׶˶ֱϸֳı顣
յ飬Ѿ˽ͷ
һѣһ̼˺ܾõèС衣ΪֵܳܵĲɡǰã˼һֱ۰Сӣעӣ˴ΪͻȻȥˡ
˵һȥҿСͱ׺д˵èӾΪèȵȣСǱá
ʵϣСȷʵèˣûԼϲӡΪèȻѾèţûè
ҰҸϽߣϲȥˣһ䵽³Ҫͨûôģе⡣
ʲôѵǹ£
ҪĻСģһǸħĸ֡п
è򱻻ɱˣԱ͵Ǻпܻ罵
¿鷳ˡаĻסСԼӲ
ʼĻ׳üչص˵ͷһڵСĴӿʮϣҰ
ţҪǮͺˡ
үüͷԷнħĸɮʼȻ¿Ҳȥˣһһ۾ܿ֡ҪǱ£ɾ鷳ˡ
ʹСȥҰйҲС軹ӦͿС轫Ҫè
ǸôأүһϻŵǸ̶ӣһڤ˼֪Ӻʱ𣬶Ʋʵɢˡ

2

ΪʲôүԵôԶҰȥأô붼СΪڳȥԶС
Ҳ֪Ϊʲôأ˵п£ʼһǸ˹
׼õĴ˳ﴨζϡүǰȻͦš
ǲүһȥҰ
֮һȥѽ
ϻʨ֮ģ֮ɱүԲУ
ʼûϻ
ү̾ϢнǳݵĻֿ⸽´ߡү˵һξΥԶС
˵ҰһҪ£ɽʦΪ캣ɮǽһָҲӣʤ֮أʮƺ
ȥ£ҰһڶܿװŸĽ¾֮һǰ˽Ρڵĵã൱Զһ·;пԿɮɨԺڵĽڿСүͬСɽһ㡣
ǵģôôأ
ү˵仰üͷ
(ˣ)
ôţ˵ۣ͸ϽȥϢүæ˵ûϵ
˵Ҫĺʶ֣Ҳ棬Щ
û⡣ִ
ЦţһҫһߴƱүü
ɲУҪ֪ݵĻ־鷳ˡʱˡ
ʲôôأ
û취־֣ү̾˿߱˵ǡͷһײͻȻͣϡһıʮأֱֱضǰȵķҲǽһͽĲ֡
ôˣ
һŨҵζһʲô¡
Ȯ൱ʼˣƬ̣ŻȿԺҲϵ˵ͷƺʲô鷢С򷢳ζķȥʱ콫磬㡣λԸһԺһͣס˽Ų
ú泤źü޼úһټ֦ȥԶǵ£һźںĶ˿
(ŵģζ)
ǲǡ𣿡
ѸٻסүػһȦܡʼСܵ£ںŵԱ߶ӡһ̧үʹҡҡͷ

ⲻͨݵһ̫רҰˣο˵㷢һʬ壬ǷͬСѽ 
үʬ¸Ժɮˡֱ֮꣨עֱ꣬Ժÿεһ൱ڸµְҲ٤صִɮ張һԶ
Ծ޴ѹУ̶ȳе;˵κ£˵ڿ֮£ǰƶЩͳͳ׵ԺȥˣȻȴ˿Ϊ⡣һ˵ʱ﷢ͻᶸȻ߳һء
ԺԺڵ٤ϸ˵ṹɡͷķλǷãķλǷԺյĿɮλڵ
ְֱ꣬Ҳе٤ɡľƺͷǱίΡҪְɮ֮һڵõһɮүǸΪֹ󷽵ɮ˵衣
үмض裬С̾˿
(޴˵µ֦Ϲźɰһµһʬ)
Ϊ˾С裬ΪֱĿҪ٤Ϊɹرţ׾١СӦǱӽһεڣȴ˵µʱ
ȥɮˣйˡһԣϧ
վ˵ʹ˸еһѹȣʹ
ȫûҪϵʲô̸
Ȼ˵ţ˿ɫүüë
(ϵ)
ɮ˵飬ͽ䣬嶼ɸ¸ԺΨɫҪȥɮڽͷʾڣɮھɲԤι˵¼ֻҪжϵҲˡ
ûϵõʬΧҲûһӣأֻҪһжͲɸģΪֻҪڣ㲶Ҳܲ֡
ȻĹһҲϵʼηطڵУǿɲϵûչĺۼͷմ˺ܶѪ
Ǵϵʱͷײʯͷ
һʼĻ¶һôʹЦݣһ˫۾ضסƣȻүǰѸٶصؽһ̫ɡ
ͬɲͬѰһ̫үʲôأ
ʲôظߴʦĪĵ¼ࡪҵͬ飬ǳݵĻƣ
׵֮үҧ촽˿һۡүƬ̣ͻȻ촽Цݡ
ѽҲǾһΰɡʵ㣬ȥ껹Ϊ޲ݶһʾʣҲϣǱõĹϵ
˼˵ֻҪǮͲѻ˵ȥҪƽʱһ´Э飬óһ鷽ˡ
үͱѶԸĺнӪСһˡ
ֻһζ϶κνү϶ˣ˺ģ߾ȫװһЦݡ
ɹչˣΪ¾һЩǮȻܹ࣬ߣҲһƬ⡣Ȼ˵ʲôأǮȴûмһƬߡ
ʲôڶ࣬жǮҲܽݶһ°
شүˢشӻͳһС̡ͷϣүѾϲ˳
ȥ꣬ӳյлʮʮߵʮ̫ݶʮһүһ߲飬һ˵óԸֵĺԴҷ׷ײʩ
ٰѲǰעǰλﴨǽʱĻײֵڵء̾ĴǮƼϣܼƳһǧ
Щˣ̼ϻļȳ棬ʩĴԣҲࡣ
ȻЩԴ󲿷ֶǴӸٱģڶ޹ؽҪүʵǣȥһǧˣһõݶûݹʲôԭ򣿿ϲĽüͷ塣
Ȼô𣿡
ܵ͡ţʲô飬ͻȻ۾æүǡ
ӣԺǲٳǮˡҲûдڱµЩ¡ǣһ˵ݶǾߣһǮ໧ݣһкɫɣ
үץס㣬һķߣðСȳˣֲⷬ
⻰˫üһ΢΢סЦӡүˣԻ󲻽⡣
(ΪʲôڡЦó)
Ŷһֱ˵ݵүΣڵϦˣԭһҲ˽⣬һΪȤأ
䲻ɿүǰ˻һۣϾƺ⡣ˣȷǸ̩ɽڶԸļһ
үм㡣ֱֱضүڵԺյĸɮͻȻʧȥ˸ղŵѹµĿģʲô˵Ϊ˲ΰôԶ·촰˵ɣһֱȦӣ춼ˡ
ʦǲǸһֻСèϣҡ
һֱڣСǾȲģԣүȻȻ˵ʵַϥϣЦŵҪѿһ
ԭˣĿΪèô¡һȻӡ
ʱһֱүԱ߹ؾŵͻȻ˿ڣС軹ûбèⶼ֪𣿱˵ͨһԸͷġ
һյı飬ϾʹüңԳȷˣԹһθͷˡȥȻô಼ʩҴˡ
Ÿ첲ϴĺɫĺܲЭĬĬس˼Ƭ̣Ȼٴοүһ顣
һ̫ɣɲʱһ֮뷨мأǿͬæңͰæˡ
˵ֻҪϰͻСΪл񻹻ȥûүشʼʡ
ʲôѽүΣյͷǿɾӦ
ѽ簮ıķءѽѽүܲءģﲻʲôΣյ¡ţ벻ᡣ
ֵڽӶطһ˵żȻҪĥһˣβܣǾҪôͷ׼ˡ
˵ǲԸĽ
Ҳ׵֮һǹ˵̹׵˵ûһΪϵɱ
ȻǱŹ
һ²ףô಼ʩӰѵ˭˽Ųˣ㲻ϡ£һֱŲȥɾͳԲˡ
һ޴˵ĺɰһ¡
һΪ˭Ķأ֮󲻾ã˾ˡеĹҪЦඡ
±뾡塣һ˽Уӹأɮ֮أ˵Ķɱ˵֣Ҳ뿿ǣˣү
ΣûȻǴ𻰣ү¶˾ġ
ˣҰСƽ𣿡
㲻õģŷֻǲ뿪ѡ
л˵èӦˣء
Ҫ⿪վûôˣϹҺɰһ£ҵǸ˳̵бĲͷȴһĪĴ𰸡
˵ʱ򣬱ࡣ֪޴Ǯ˭ˣʼͷ

3

ǰθ£֧űµǮơ
Ըɮ˼Ѯ󣬾ͽ˴ֱ弣ֺɰȥүʸղŷԸɮȥʲô˵ȥڵ֧״
ûϵӢᣬȴʿʵΪ˿ɿû⡣
кܶʿĺ𣿡үʡ
˵ͷʿͥ˵ĸӣҪ˼ҵӣҲܲסʵʿңԭͷŵԺĺӲ
ӢҲǱڴ˵ģʱû֪䡣ƽʱϼӹ̣ܽͨϵ飬ڳΪһõӺȫҵĹͰ
(ͣҲ̫˰ɡ)
үȻЩڲǿЩʱڴɨøɸɾڣʼʣǷǸҪְЦŻش𣺡٣Ҵ󡣡Ҳ˵ͳ֮һүһߣһͷ˼
(в֪Ųùһ£Ҳ»û˷ǣ˺ȴɱˣΪʲôأ)
λڹλõķڵԸһĵطĵƣҲһظ𡣻ȴӷ״ӵĵطҲ˵ïܵľķ棬λСɽɽţ˵ǡԺģȴһܲע֮
ĸֹʬ¡һֻè֦۵ſš
С𣿡үɵʡȻûлشϸһֻèȫֵӣֻһֻҰèվԱߵĿүèȫ⣬Ѹٿżɽ
ƹڵǮŲùĿ˵ĲԲãҲ˵ùȥ鷳ǣǱɱΪɱ˵־
ʼүԱߴߴ֪û˵Ļ
Ȼ˵˭ܴ²³ɱ˶һ̫ɣô
ҾŲǮĲһˡ˶ΪǮ£һִǾͱɱˣ𣿡
үĻ˵ͷȫһ¡ǣүִϣʡ
һ²ף˺±ɱϹ޵ĺɰ֮便ʲôϵµֻ֮ͬͬһ¶ѡ
𲻳Աߵȴϵػش𣺡֪֮ϵζʲôȴ֪
үץס½ǣ
ǡʲô
ľޤǰǸ޵ĺɰװľȣʬ帽ҲŵľȵζڻŨǿ֦ϵֻè˯
֪èϲľȣֻҪһζһ
ͻȻǰЩè׻˵޴˾Ļء
Ȼ֪Ϊʲô˵أ޴ȥݵʱ֪˰ɣ
үҲûʹѽ
үðס̫Ѩı
ദ۰һ̫ɡ
¼жľȳ֣ɰ͹˵ϵġ
үͷ˼
ľȣʲôأ
Сڹڹ¡ѵһè
ʼͻ룬
ʹľȵζŻèͲܴӷһ㣬˶Ӧ֪
ɱ˵ģӦںһŲǮƵĺСȻ˵ֻҪǺУͲӦʹľɵ
ѽôˣ
ĸ±Ÿ첲˼һʱ˭Ҳû˵
ʱͻȻһкʦˣ
ֻ̿ĺӢ̨
ķԸΪ˲֧ȥ˸弡
֧Ǹµְ𣬲ΪֱĿܸԤġ˹أȥҪ˱張ĺȥƹһеס֡
ס˵Ϊʲô˱
ˡǮ˶٣ûУ
Ӣ¶һ˿΢Цڸ䱻˲֮ͣǴͷβ˱
⡭һǧȫˣĲʣ
òϴóסͣŵֲȣӦòɱ˵֣»֪Ǯ¡Ҫ֪һᲡģʮֲ
ȻҪ߸˽ȥʻһЦû˿־Ȼҿʻ֪˭ǱʵһүЩǸδıס֡
ǲܰѿ˴סǰү˻صֱ張һ䣬ϢƬ̡
˵үͱĽĲϷˣǻǸϽСƽ䣬ȳɡ
ǵȻһ£үȴΪСΪôǸѶԸļһ
кܿص˷䡣ջʹæ˺жĲ㡣
ʻ˳ˣ
סֵȻԽԽˣҶн˼䡣
˵һǧʧĸʱء
Ҵ˱Ʊ˵Ŭ׷һ֡һǧʧ٣һ鶼ʣǰǮһתˡ
˵ʱ򣬹װ˲ӣסߵˣûһҳֹ˵кп˵ȻǮ׷ʹԼܣʮҲΪԷһٶȨĸ߷塣ǣƺ˶Ȩˡ
үҡҡͷֽ⳶صǮϡ
ʦʧĿһǧġҲû⣬ôǮ˺жȥʲôأ
֮Уȴһʳϡүܾȡ
ͻȻЦˣ˵˵һַգʹᱻÿϦߣ˵ڶգֻѻ˾һֶУҲӵиָ
ֻҪɮˣͲϻǮңʹΪԼķЩϵȵĻͱӡ˵еܴ̫ǳԵĶضիɳܵȻֻҪǮܳԵ΢ζһĶҲڻһǧ
Ļʣµľֻɫˡ
ǣɮϸֹɫġ
ʣµĿܣžɫˡ
˵мˣ
ү׹ʱع˱Щ²˽⣬үȻʮ˵Сӵ֤
Ǻܹ󣬾˵ȼԭĻעųɢŮƺߵȼŮǮߡʼ˵
ͷͬ⣬˻󼰵ģоþˣ̬ҲϤ
ҹкмˣǹ⸶˵ǮһξǶӡ
֮⣬øӺмǮԣҪ֧ļǮһҪʮϽӣԲһɮ˿Գеġ
Ҳ˺ɱһͬڻӻ˸ߵǮҲͰˣΪʲôֵɱ˵ĵزأͷ˼
ү˵ҲǮѾõü˵ףͻȻγѣı˷ǴȫƵƹǮƵĹʦͷϣͰɱˡ
ȫαװϵӰŶͻȻִŹɱˡľʲôϵأ
ľλװںɰֱӹϡ
ʱʼ˵ԼƲ⣺ɰ޲ҲǴϷ԰ġ
м˵УкܶѧϷꡣ
Ǯ󷽡Ϊϱĺаа׼һЩľȡΪúлǮ˾ͷѾ˼޵Ĳ˺ɰŬʹÿһЩȻľȷ˽ȥ
Ϸ԰ֻҪ̷ǣŪһЩĽӦòѡ̨װޣƵʱ򣬻ʣº಼ܶͷպɰ
ԭˣǴ˵ϷװġȷһߣΪʲôľȹأ
ǿɲ²
ƣ⣬Ҫ㸴أʡ
ʼЦˡ
ֻҪүղµ巳ˣۻ֮ǰܻؼңǾˡ
ɱ¼ǮȣүҪ
һȡλ֭ݹİһүϰˡǣֻԱ߶ţŸ첲˳˼ﻹдʡ
ɱˣɱˡţǸһɱˣɱˣɱˡ
⻰ɴ۾ү

4

ҿɲɱ˭
ڷڰүͻȻ̧ͷΪԼ绤ǣſЦ
ǣ԰һԼҪȥɱˣȻ󣬾ɱߵ뷨ԭô¡
ǵġ
ʲôѽһΪүɱ˭ء
˵ţ۾ȴһֱſеһǣϾʹʧɫΪүĶ䣬ϵıֲܿ
ôҲǳݵļ̳ˣɱʦĺС
ɱˣɱòˣǣһ죬˼ĺԺԡ͹һ𡭡ǵģҲһľȡ˵˼ĺԺʦΪʲôɱһ
пɳ֮͵ؼʯͷӺ͵͵ؽӽȥͻͷ˿Ѫ·ϣΪǺģһҲԡ˻صȥȷ󣬶ʬľȣæܡ
үͷ
ְ̨ңʦᵽǶαװǴϱߵײͷӡҲ׼һϵõӷԱߡ
뷨
ӵ˵ͷ
αװĻᱻ¹ʣ¾пȥǣΪʲôҪҴ뿪˵
үͷ˼
С豻ľֺܺ£ǻæߡҪĻǽͨ
èֱڶﰡ
֪Ϊʲôľȹϡ뵽һֿܣүĻÿɷүͻȻԺﴫè
С裿үվͷ°ڷ˲롣ϣҲүϡ
ѽү
еĵơ
ûŰɣ
СŶұȥ
˻ŻŷɱүԣǳܲˡڽűߵĲһ±߷ɣԺ
ȵȣǰҵĲˣ
ǶүҪ
˵ţλưүƽϣȥ࣬ȷûˡԱߵĿپȲı飬Ŀתⳡҡ
費ǶѾǲ²ˤƣȴˣ뷨ȫˣ
үſϣݺݵ˵˾Ļ˵꣬ҲΪԼĲһ˳˼
ˣ
ͻȻһ¡үӻѳվǰȻһԾĺУ˵ʦˣˡرעĲèҲè
ү侲㣬˵ҾͶˡ
ôһ˵үһ۴ңǺͿһı顣ү̾˿ֱ
ϹľȵĿģΪèǼӿճʦûкĵԲʹľȡ
ǼӲã԰èˡΪʲôҪӿճ
û˵Ҳʵʱ򣬾Ѿ֪˴𰸡
շ٣żǮߡȻ׾ٽ䣬Ļèͻ̳պܴˣľȹϣн䣬èԶԶ
⹤óү˵ͷ
ʣµǣ˭Ϊʲô͹˺ʧͣȻ֪ôҵһЩ
ļƻʧˣΪèڻ԰ɣҲ˵ɱ˵֣ӦûûõǮ
үԿ˵ϣСΪͨèƽ䣬ԼĻɱ־ܽֻҪӣӦ֪˭
ܾ취ү
Ҳܺ𣿷ԺҲðС軹ǡ
ţε£ر˵ȥû취ȨСסǵɡ
С⡣ү弣ע弣ΪɮõĶ˵ȲĳȥԱӭ弡ЩߣСԺɳĺʯͷٲ
èߡ
ָλ˵һСݡ˺ţʹܳһֻèڰ׵Ļƣֻ϶ŸɸɾĲࡣү˳ү
βȷʵڱɡ֣ҲһЩӦش
ĸ˴Եػһ谵ӣӳľ顣ضѻ;ᣬһһֱ컨塣ණװʱһᱻЩѹڵ¡
˭Ҳ֪Ǯײ֮Ľʵ
ֻҪɱͻᱩ¶ǮĵطүûϸңͳӡȻ󣬿һЩɮˣ˵è粨ǳᣬСݿʹˡ
֮󣬿Ժǰ²СݡүҲӣ˵ʲôҲͬ⡣
ԲУҪǶԺðᷢգԴ𣡡
Ц˵ԼһԺСûȻشͰүСҸ£ٽǴͨĻ̨ϡ
ȷʵһЩȴҲɶˡû紵˵еԶ͸ؿ張Сݡ
ǣȴүС衣ȡЦʵڲʹ졣
ģҪ˵СˡôԶɱֳ֣ܹȥǺܲ㣿
ѽģʦһҲɰץס
ʼһ˵šСҲһˣسݡһ߲ʱ۾ү
ɲΥԼү
ʼˣС̾˿ȻһΪү׼ͣϷһó˵ĺһͲˮݵүǰ
ʼŵ̬ү̾˿еС԰ӣһؽлүϽһӣһѰȫèԣƿ϶᲻ˣү֪Ȥذʣµİ
ʱС˵ѽû硣
ǵӱռãɱ˵سˡӰתʧ˷ţͿߡ
⡭²̫
ʼԱ˵ϾָָɮԱƬԡһһӰڶ
ʲôһʦΣˡʼôȥѵȥԮ
Ǹϼ޻ĺУһУԽҲûʲô
ǰ
һҲûҪ˼
ȥҡ
үС裬̨סһү˻
ʲô
үɵ󣬾ʼǺܲͷ
ˡû취ȥҪԹԵģҪ
䣬˾ͲˡʼһϵɮԱߣһգ۾ʧˡֵֵȷܼġ
ôˣʼʹʦҪɣ
үĵ׹ͻȻоƮȷӦŷԺѷʼٶȣ˳ŻȱɮõķܡʼʧûãүҲϵСǰ

5

ү֪߷ʲôľһС졣
١
ʱƵžͿһӰ򿿴ʼײȥһĶһѶ̵
ү˿ŵؿһĻ
˵ӰغʱǸĵӰͻȻ߷ˣűߣ˵ڵءʼϰסš꡹һп죬вˡʼȤ˦˦ָվ
үѾûΣˣͰʱͻȻи˹һ죬үײűϡ
үһΣڵءɫһ±ÿѸɨڣ˽ȥ

ߴһ̴ٵǴӶѻɽﴫġһһĵݽá
ɱ˵ĹȻɮˡȻˣү̾˿
ʦƽ𣿡
һȦӣһͷӰ
ãš
үˣȴüͷԴûˣװţ˵
û뵽ˡǿͷˣԸսӾӴһ¡㱣סǸǿյģᡣ
һ߸ͷϵװһָԱһϸǧ䡣עǧ䣬ʱܽӵӡ
ղųүɹģӡһӣȰˡͬǧ䣬ҲСб𣬶ʮִ
Ҳʹװǧӵӣ˼壬ǧӦװһǧӡˣӣҲܽʵءͷ׵ԭӣôӦòһ
ӸѾ򿪣߿տҲ
ү۾ιȥĺСʶֻǣ˶ᡣ
µʱ򣬿ԺɨɮˡҲ˾СүҪᣬδѡ
ôɱˣǲŪˡ
һ۵ڵϵСͬһˣ˵һʶȻȴһǳ˻ƵһԲ
ʱһ˹
˳ԾǣɮһվڲԶǧ֡һҲվĿͶǸӡ
ˣǮĶȥˣ
ǸղŻʵԵʣӻ̫ԼľץסӣԼжүһֱվšվ
ɽ㣡ǶʲôԼ𣿡
һ˴Ӹһֱ鵽ֺĴȣȻȻڲԡ
ɮɽֱͦͦվţǸصĿǧ䡣
үΣܲ졣һɽָѪɫͨڷ£ڴݿ˵ˡ
ΪҪǮ
˵仰ʱһִ
Ҳǲ֪һеĿаǮˣԣ
ʲôèһڵӣռˣ
֪ΪỹǼɽ൱ƽܶĿʱûϻش𣬶ҧ촽
ʲôΥ̻壬ϧɱˣҲҪǮŪ֣ʲô
ˣֱڵϵˡӭſĿ⡣Σ㿪˿ڡ
ǡ˵ġ˵˵ģ֮ڰǮ͵
ɽ˵һ˵ĸĸ˲Ҫ߶ķá˵и˱ƭӸĸϼ̳ĴഫϵϾҪռ
֮һԭ򣬶ҪϽ׼һǮ
ԼҲô˵ҪԼ
ǲݣҡҡͷ˵ȥĹ˺ʱʶˡ
ʱվүԱߵʼͻȻʾ㣬Ǹϵ
Ķش˵ڴǱߵֻǲ֪֡ʼˣЦ
ʼôˣ
˵˵ȥǸϵڵһڶ̺ŵľۼѽ
ֻҪֺűռԾͻڸ顣ȻóݵĻʼû¡
滰λСʦڹʦ֪£ʶʲô˰ɣ
ҰĻϷ԰ӵԳܽʼƲǣûȥǵмѰȥˡ
ֻҪȥĴ࣬ӵĺоͻ֪ʲôΪǮǹԼģҲͲò͵͵εҲΪ˵졣Ȼ
˵ݶϣүҲô¡
ںӵʱûͬȥԳԶĵطмԭ
תͷ൱ɫرˡ
ɮ·ɫҪܵͷġ֤ʵǾͲڴãҪ廨ѺűߣϯʾڣһҪɮϳпܺطһѺһĵϡ൱ء
ǹ˺гǮҲִţҲȥѺܵ͵ںӰǣռ˱˵ȾزҲϱ˶ȥ˵ȣǴӿǮƵĹüöˡ
ү˵ƭǮֶΣС˵Ҳ֡ʱɮݣİеӣռһ۾ͿЩ֡Ϊû棬ϱΪĿ꣬ƭȡǮơ
ԣײŮˡ˵Ҳæܼѡ˵Ǹˣܵһʿɲ԰ҵļˡ
ɽĻ˵С˵ˡǸУҲȾΡ
Ǵɱ˵˿ЩҪЦŶҲǴɱֿЩЩ֡ЩдϷҲΪ̫¸ͨȻȴˡռĻΪΣеأ˵˲𡹵ʱ򡭡
ЩĻеɮ˺ռûصе𱸣ֻһζҪУֻҪȥͻ޴ʽ١Ͳòҵɮǣпʲô׿ˡȵƣܸˣҪĸоһΡ
ȻͰеĻöˣͷЩԼ˵ĻԼʦǵĻͽ޹⡣Ҳ̫Զ˶벻˰ɣүɬ˼С
ɽ˵Ҫһ൱Ǯǡ׼Ǯ˺˵Ǯӽȥˡ
˵ʲôèãûסˡҪôµ֣Ͳƽӡζжռĳŵ
ľȰè˾ʹаõһЩװ쳣޵ĺɰľȡ˵ΪаҪеǳ⡣
ǣƻܲ˳޵ĺɰ۵Ķ󣬻ûƽ⻤Ǳ߾˺ܶΧۡ
ӻͳһɫ޵ĺɰ۶ſӣֱڻװľȡ֮ܶʱҰ֡
ЩǮȴܷǣһò۵Ϸľȣƽ˻
ȻǧȻֻѾˡӦû˲֪ЩǮô᲻ɣ
رǹ˺УһԽǮһĲ¶֪Լмˣһ
ǰһֱûʹ˵ռֶҪʸʶ鲻ˣΪɮ˷ɫҪطġ
ͻȻƵͶ·ľ
ȥͻᱻŵңԶСŪǮҲİŮˣܰǮǡò֮У𾴣ۿһжҪΪӰǵʱоһжˡ
ĺɱ˺練ơΪƳ˻ԿαװèӣǾͽ˵ʬᵽľȵ£ΪèӦǶȻһèȻѵķ϶˯Ͳˣǣ뵽򿪷һкۼ˾ͻᱻΪɱԼæŹغã͵˼ͽ׼Ļȥ˵ǰǰ޷졣
վɽ;ǰֻץסȹͷǴӵص·ĵͳʵһˣɱ𣿡
ܰ
һ˺͹棬ǻɱһˣǻ᲻Ů˵齻ȻǸ
˲ҿ
ʦûǣ˵Űɡ˵öԲԣ
ǹʦǰǮ𣿡
ǻֻĶǮΪʲôҪöԲ
ǽкĻڷŭҪ޳ӡ
û˵Ҫһɮ˵Ǹ˵ӦڷǰڡΪɮˣⶼ𡭡
ѻȸȻڣȻôһ˭Ҳ˵

6

Ӵһ̫ɣþòԲˣһºүλٴ£ԼӭǵĿ˵
ᣬǱֵغɡ
ү죬ЩˣϾʹӰó˵ģڿǰͳһС
ס֣кô
һ˵ߵǮЦŽݲʩҲӢϲ衣ڿǰʼ˵ԺɨĺУ
ûɮˣǵ䡣
һƽֻǲڽˡԵǰõ˲ͬĵطڶѩɽܳ棬ͷһʱӺܶడ
˵ɱˣٰ籾֪ķɫ´ȥн޷ˣԾڲ˶˵Ĵð취
λɮ˶Ȼˣ˵ôʡǸȥҲѹȥˡ
ɱ˵һڵĻȥĹҲ
Ѿ޷ıʵʹֱԭ£ҲǱ˵ı⡣
ԣԼ鵽ֻԼܳء
ӹ³ʱ򣬿˵ⷬʱ˶ûд𻰡˵о˻֪λشûҵʵԡ
һ̫ҵƲ𣿡
һߺȲ裬һЦһԣʼҲ¶΢ЦүЩȻ
ʵϣɫƲǼ֮ҵˡ
˳ԾǣƲʾȻܵ˹¹èСˣӴǧʧҲɫƲйϵ
ɽ̱дõСݴ˳ȥӰʧڻȵľͷ
ζǰæˡ
ݵ˵ͷлүΪСȴ£үҲ֪˵ʲôֻǲؾϹ
ʱƲʳǰ͵طŹ⣬ƮƮظţӷкᴩ۾үһӱÿ
Ʋҵˣ
Ӹ˵ǽҪèС衣ȤĶؽţƲצӡ
С裬ƲʶҺҪɱ
˵ţ벻¡СȷʵûצӣȴŴ죬һҧסƲʡ
Ʋʲ¾ͽСĶӡү֪˵ʲôҲסˡ
ʱͷһߴﹾһһ컨屻жкܶҴ̽ͷء
ѵƲŪģǣ
ĺʣսսص˵ͷȻЩҲǳݵġϵլԺңºè׵ķҲСһŰȥݣƬƲʣΪ˸Сƣʹӳ
˵Ʋʰᵽ˹£ΪǸŻԽ
ȥ
ǵģû취Ƶ컨ߡΪ컨иӣͰƲʷߣһӵȥˡ
ǵǸʲôأʼһŵıʡ
ָָڵϵǧ䡣
ʦѣľ壬ǧݶˡʼ˵
Ƿ˻ϲصˣ̫ˣ
ôһǮ𣿡
µǵ˵ͷ
ǸװɫƲá
ߵĽӰ¡
Ǿȫӵˡ
컨һųһţȫЦġ
ҲûȥЩӰĶȥأ
ʼһʣһһߴػش
ǰѽȥ֪ΪʲôСͻȻˡ
СúȰѽӶˣѷ
ֺܲͷһĶ
Ӳ컨һĽ꣬µ˿ܲˡȻ˿ûǵЩһֻ룬СɫƲôõܵ
ү̾һ
Щӻҵ𣿡
ؼС裬ڵרĵɽǸװľȵĺɰ
(ɰԭ)
ʹƲʱˣҲû취үǣпһ벦ѣѰӡһźı飬Ц˳
Ժ󣬾һֱûɫƲʡ
Բڴʱүź룬ȷʵ޷صĶǣΪƲôС˵ֻܾҪǰĿһ˵̣ԵʱүʲôҲû˵ֻǳĬš
СòµԼ֮󣬾һ˽ˡ
˵ԺС迴յϼżͷǡ

Ȯ

1

˵·ڹʱ
ڵĿɽ뷨ʦ;Уһũҽޣ˵Ұûƻأʹӻȡһֽϼʣũҵˣ˵ԷֹԲ𿪷ڡ
뷨ʦ仰ˣҰĲ˷ˣǶֽ֪ħ˴ʦУ˷ڡֽϻһҹƣͻȻֽһԾΪȮʧӰˡ

ۣ
·Ϸһңײڵ˷ľӴϣľ巿Сɨɫ¾ŵһΡžһŭֹһˡ
ү߳ʲôأ
ôԱߵȮæ˷ô¡ֻүΪѵؿߵĵ·ǰյˣΪ˭չʾòɿ
㿿ߣ
ӲģҪģ
ס裨עס裬סھвʽʱݵ赸вɮ˺ˣˣɸϵһΪүÿζظЩ˺ܶǮſյԽԽˡ̽ӰҲ֣ž֨֨š
ſڣ˶ˡ
үЦһתȮ
ǸԱһΰɣҪûʰ
үκã𵽵ſȥˡ
ÿ꣬ᴫȾ;кܶȾ
ֲɳƣүˣЦ
ǲĹȣϸµƣЩ˶ء
Ѿкüֻ˹ŸǮȮߵ⣬ϴԸظһЩǮһϿСˣ˸õǮ̾ͱˡ
лϡ
л񳪸һСϹСӵıʮֿɰ˿̲סҪЦʱӻ֣Ҫһöӡ
ţҪǮĹʵ
ͦ𣿡
үܸˣĵЦšȮԶȥıӰ̾˿
һиָıݣˣʲôӼľż磬ˣĽˣӦоа
ţԺڵĲ̯ԣ˹ϯӵˣء
ҸƺǶĳ͡
Ҳȥء
⻰Ȯ󲻷سˣԶȥıӰһ
ΪʲôҶˣأ治סһǱ׾ĶŤŤȥľżҪǮҲֵ̫ˡ
Ȯ˵ˣûһȤ
ղŵ̬Ҳ԰˶ץסġ
үЦ˵ôͲ׬Ǯάơ
԰ղŲǱ׽ȥʲô£үص˷ʵ
ȮعͷԴӻ켣ʹһѾþˣΪֹйü֣ЩԼˡԽ˽УԽ׵ҿ֣үһؽУԺò׳ȮĴƣϤ
ǡܲʲôϢղүҹȥ˵룬ҪҪүǣΪ̳ˣõҲӦ֪
˵꣬˶үԣ
ʵϣǵдʽ׵ĺȪݣӪȥˡ
ȪڽֵһҴҩУƲϢ¿ʼڸ֮䴫ˡǼҵ굹ˣ޵Ļò
ȪݵĹģ󣬾ӪȴԽԽѣڹϣһ֮ˡ
Ȫݻᵹ𣿡
ᣬҲܾ޴ʧ
Ǽҵܴ󣬻Ҳ࣬ҳԷĵطǴ⡣
ȻүĻǺ⣬͵͵תһԣ̾˿Ϊڸǵı˵ĵ̵ʱ򡣱ӦӺȪõһǮȫˮƯүԴ
(үʹԽĻһûҲһȥɣ)
ʧճҲи벻ֻ𡢻ֺʹȾҪٵѼֱڳֿ˵һʵǶݶ޳
ôˣôһֱ˵
үһֲ˼æװЦүġ
(ûϵֻҪŪǮεѹؾܶɹְæܻа취ġ)
ĽΪҵꡢˣб˭ҪүѾܵԵʡڹȥܳܳһʱڡˣˡ޶Ưˣ㰲ʧȥ
(ҿ췢˴ȱģҲ֪ĸ񾭴ˡ)
ʶүɽһڵ·ϡ

ô졭׸˯أ
һ졢ǰ֮ǰһֱڷ⣬ҲҪΪ˯ġ̫ɽˣȮɽС·ϣ̾һ
һֱһֹصУҰ¶ޣ·ЩᷳˡûиĸûãҲûҪɵʹôࡸûСһŪЦѡ
(Ϊʲôڻںš)
̧ͷҹգݵˣñһѾĥƺܶࡣҹڵþī֭Ⱦһ
(벻꣬·Ե˯һҲС)
ϣŵһŨŨֵζﲻ̤ʵ֮£Ȯһֱţž衣
(̤ɽĵ̡)
ҹԽǾԽ궯ҲӲá
(ϣסܱҵֻԼ)
Ϊ֮Ѱǿиǿ֣һЩ֮ͨĿġ˾Ϊɵ³ͷΪճÿԼ˵룬ȮǼӿ˽ŲȻû߼ͻȻͣͷ
(ϡ棬ʱɽﻹ˵ĽŲ)
Ȯ˫ҹҲ൱۾һֻԶĺҹУһźĵ⡣ʲô°ɣƺס¹⣬ŵֻյǰһ·ˣǸӻޱߵĺڰƴ·
(ҹ൱Σյģһϱֶϡ)
ôţ񻷹һܣֻǸ˵ź֣ܶɢһ仯أӲȥΣաȮˣﾹᷳ
ûɾһİӣǣﱻ˺ѣѪζͻȮΧѪζϾͱ˯ˡ
ӴӴ
ʱӺǱϮˣŵսսҲˡȮһƾ춯أһȭͷȥ
ˡһһͳ촩͸˺ҹĻڵ淢΢΢Ĺľ͵涼ʼҵҡΡӷ˸ͷˤڵϣסֶˡ
ȮûߵӽǰСǿȮ񣬶һɢڰȥˡ
㣬û°ɣ
һСŻһ˵ҹȮͻȻǰܺ¡
ʱɽϮһҲ֣ôɽߣֻܹԼˡ
˵ĿȮѵݸˡڰУȮУˮǸˡվòְѵϡ
ǡ̫лˣһղţұһȺĪļһϮˣģһȺħ֣ң滹һ¡
˵ЩһѵǺĻˣ˵ţȻµزס
һӽƽǰȮӣӳԾ
ѽ㿴Ǹѽһɽ¸ҡ
ƯߣȮ񾭳Լ飬ڲͬʱóɸӡϱúᣬȮ񰵰ͷϽ˵ΪһѵĽܣѰҹһ˵̾ˡ
֪ԷǺӣԳ˷ĵɫ˼ɽ·Ϊ˵е£
ҹ·ˡʵϣ;ñʲôˡ¹⣬ͷܿǼһôȲˣҲޡ˵֡£ľ
ùȰң˵ҹ·ΣգסˣΪϵ£εþص
ˣ벻£¡Ϊź£ӽûͣҲһûչ벻Ȯ񲻵òһҹӣ͡
ò׵糿ӷȮϻᣬȵõɴ۾ҵ̯Էŵʱ򣬿ӵĿֹٲȻȮļ໤ˡû״Ȯ͸ӵ

2

(ɵòȷʵ˲ٽӡ)
ȪݹѾһˡʶ֣ԼռѾŪ൱һǮ
ΪϴǮˮһ¼Ӻ̲źܶ౦ءû˵Ǯ˭νûбˡܶöˮȮҹȥǱˮŪǮ
ϼһ㣬ֻҪЩǮʽתǷĵص˷ȥˡһİ֮˱֤үҲõˡ
׼˵ǴӲֿľҳġ
Ȼ
ǡ
ǰǮСӵİóһȷʵĽӡʮһذţúֺī˷ӡ
ѵнǮ·ӣ
ϰһΪĴߣǰЩӣûһ䣬ƾЩȤرڣƹһƣΪ˲ɹⱼӦþϵŶԣǡ
ôҼ񵽵ЩǮôأ
ؿǮ䣬ͻȻע⵽߷ŵһֽֽдһж̶̵֣ùͷ𶼱
Ƕ̸һ䡣ΪʲôǮأôҲסһҲ֪òӵȻͽӰԭźãصæ

еҪˣǡݡôһһ
Լ֮ڽүˣƹͽϢˡ
ͬһϵ꣬Ƚϴĵ̡ӶЩ˲ϢүֱüͷƹΪҪ֪̣ͨ뿪ˡ
˵׵ճɲãĶĴҲˣЩϢиԳǼݵ׽ǮһǵһμǸء
⻰ڲ̵üͷү˵ʶһԶݣүԵϵҪһӡôϵǮһѵһ̶ˣʱ򣬵ûôǮ
(ǮܻǽˣΪүү۶á)
ͻȻһֱûϰ塣һү˵Ǻͼнĵϰȥˣˡ
һⲻֹۣүȴ˼ˣһߺӶۣһߺ˵
ʾǺȤζ֡״һֱȥһҲ䵽Ǯĵز
()
ΪүԱߣ԰̾ʹʵ˶󲿷ƷģֻǸֽΪ˼˵ĽӣǮ䣬һü̵
⡭
ҲӣɢǮһֻǣǰĲһǶʮһ
үʲôôûӡ󡣡
ʲôôˣ
үǮ䣬ҲһôҲûԾ
үǲʲôҰҪġ
ôô˵Ҳ֪ѽ
үƫѭүĿ⣬үҲڡһֻץסүĲץСèһүһֱ˿Сǣһɳ
ۣۡúúã֪ˣ˵
ˣүЦ֣Ժ⡣үһܣƶڽԣ͵˵ʵ˶ңǧ˵ȥ
˭ô˵ģ
ף˵¹ظĵϰǡ
үúȤ˵൱˷ס죬رҸ˵˵ѹ˵ܾǡ׺͸ĵϰǺʼˡ
һʱ䲻֪λشǺ£ΪʲôҪأ
üĵʣʲôǷֹ̰ɣ
үڳһЦ
ĵϰ壬ôΣյأʵϵøһЩ˵ֻҪǮƾͻԴԴϡ
ʲôǮ
ͯһ̲סҪЦͻȻ˷˷ǸǮ䣬ߵȷһЩĽӡ
үʲôүûȥ
ţ̫ŵ˼࣬ȥܻɧҡûаҴĵطȥ
(⡭ֻҪǮͻðȥᱻͽĹϷҪ)
үĵص㶼֪룬ͻȻץסүļ򣬽սˣᶨ˵˵ĻһҪסǧ룬үôҲӦ𣿡
һʲô·ͽ岻ԴϢ˵꣬үãȻʧû׻Ƶ˼
õǮѵõĺ¡û˵ѴǮƴ͸ɻˡ
¿ɣ
ԣҲϣүȥˡ
ү⻰Ÿ첲˼
Ǯĳˡ㲻Ҳ𣿡
үָŷǮӣʮء
ʵϣͻȻǮ֣ѾǵڶˡΪǮ·˵ϴǱǮ˵̡ھȥҲûá
ôͿԿ϶ڵǮΪǣɵüͷүһʱش֣һֽдʫš
˵ӳֵʱֽҲһ֡ƾ֪
ùͷ𶼱֪Ϊʲô仰еĪĲȻ֮⣬үһֽ֪ᴧٴүҪμӼᡣ

3

Ѿҹʱ
ǰĽ䲻һ֨֨¸µͨݵ̴򿪣ˡƽľںڰУһվ˷ԱߣͶǽ֡ЩĿС¶ͷ
ң°ǡǲᱻ˿ᱻܺúõؼӰɣ
˵ţָָǮ䡣ǣû˽ӽǮ䡣ԶԼֲǸɾʮ㡣
(û⣬¾֪˭Ǯˡ)
ڵĵģǲ˼ֻǮΪԵ޹ð
(ô붼֣˭װװôǮأĿľڣ)
·൱¡òҵİ֮ữΪӰҪΣүܽܡȻˣҵ𰸡
죬ϰҲˡ¶ۼȥز˻⡣
(ܡү˵ֻǸƵң͸˵ˡ)
ݸϰߣ߲һ飬Ƶݲ
û취ϰͷ͵͵һƬֻҪҲ֪ʲôʱ򾭹
ˣһǮ䣬ж¶Źšļҵ궼һƬûһơסǰ۾൱ҲʲôܸоϰڲԶĳطΪƬζԽԽŨˡ
ѭζŲҹɫҹ룬դŶرˣһԽ鷳ɴŲΧǽȥǽͨžĽֵѭζǰ

ùͷ𶼱
һѭŲǰߣһߴӻͳſɵֽ¹⿴Ū仰˼Ҳ֪ࡣ
󡭡ණġΪҪ˵Ϊʲôᵽʲô˼أ
ôҲ²͸
(ʲô)
ʱǰжͣס˽ŲϼơڷݵӰ˳ԾǣʹñţҲûζˣҲޡ֪Ľ˶ѡ
(ôŲζأѵǹꣿҲûʵ塣)
ԷͻȻͣƺҲоĴڡྲ۶Էһôţ˼ơȻ
(ţ)
Ųŵһ±ˣղŵϢҲͻȻʧ޴ѰŵĹӳ㵽ǽ¡
(ү)
ϰ۵ʽڵĽϿ첽šŵ˵һʼص׼һСҲû
(ǲҲմصĵطأ)
ϰ忴ûܵղӰӵӰ죬ƽȵǰšͺãûȥкүȥ֮˱ȸղŸŨҵζ  
(͸Ӻˡ)
Ȼֵأǵһ¡ǸֵӰӳԺ
үϾʹﾭɵӰʲôϵһֲԤԽԽǿҡ
̺ĽֵդҹգһƬСŵĵشû߼ݾϡûˡζ˸һϴ硣
һСƷûţֱӽԺڡľïܴף¹ⶼܾԺһƬڡ
(ѵ)
룬ҡҡͷղŵӰôҲʹߣһϢо
һһߣ·ϵζʶϣһֱǰ˲ΰݵ·ϡһ߲쿴ֵһ߼ǰߡãǰһ齨Ȼ򣬴
(ˣ½ɵǸˣ)
˵㼯˸ʽбݣϰҲڴˡ൱ΪǴľͷϱ߹ϯĹ죬ݶᡣҲԭݶúܸߡм١ٺУƭҵĻңҡ
(Ϊʲôӻڵأ)
֪ɵһͺ
Ϊҵĵص㣬ΧŹϯӵĴϸơֻҪһνֳп֪ʲô֪Ϳ˳ϡ
ǡһվںںһӰҲûеˣ֮䣬ţûֺл٣һûа
ĵطмʳƷС꣬ǰ߲ˣԱԴһطƺӼġݡħ֡ˣȵĳһֱͨߡƺŮŮˡľż硢󾵵ȡ
տûãһпµġһǴһĴЩû𿪵Ļ࣬ʹͷβһ飬Ҳʲôһ֪ͨˣ
֣ζȷʵһֱȻ·ǾͷǰΧǽ赲ȥ͵ԭ·ػ򴩹硣ǱûζүȻǴˣȥġأٴӱ濴ûǮڲƭټͽֻⱨӦݳΪԺڡ
ȫҹɫΧޱ߼ʵ˼¡

4

ڶ죬ڵſڴ̵ʱ뵽һֿܡ£᲻ֲ룿
ˣûҵٻٺУҲ˵Ǽ˵Ĺô룬ǮҲ̫档ǮҲ̫ûмֵ˰ɡζе׬Ǯ롣˵زһ㡣
Ū࣬е㲻
ֵΪʽ˵ΪűʵĲͬװǮ£֮һĿˣһƣ
˲ײ룬̫Σˡ
(Ҳôԣ֪˹֣үҲʹһ٣֣ͣ) 
һ߲飬һ룬˵¡ֻҪǮֹڱϻڹһ⳰ЦΪ޴Ȼһĳǰ˾ͻ׾ٵرԻ뷨֮š
ҲõǮϣүĴضࡣϵ²Ųʣͥ䡣һӦҲˡ
̾һʱүׯصسڵſڡϰ塣
ں͸׳ȥ˷¾ʱˡ
ѽʲô𣿡
һʲ֪ӻݵϰͻȻȥҪȥ䡣ˣһţͻȻ飬̽߬
ǼҵꡭҲᵹ𣿡
û˵Ǽҵ겻ֻǣ̳е̵кꡣ
ֵΣͷһΪ˷ֹףİš֮ܶҪȥǰҹ˳šҧ촽㶡ʶԼղǸϾı顣
(ȪݡݡݶǵúܽһүһȥǸʲôֵļᡣ)
ү˵ĵϰҲˡ
ԤԽԽǿҡ
ôɲãʽת飬һĴ̺ҲܾӪȥ;ĩ·ƺǮĲϽ٣벻ĲҲ׷׽ٵ̡
(쵽ͺˡҲһǵꡣ)
ػ̣ػүĽٵƹ˸к˷ȫи֮󣬷ɱ˳ȥ
(ˣһƽһھбݡô죿Ķʼأ)
ȣӦ߷úȪԭƹѱһСȥƹ񡣽гһؽֽ˵ʹ졣ΪûˣҪܻ䡣
Ȫݵǰûзʲôֵ£үúͻȻѽҵõʲôҲ֪˵벶ʱŵùꨡ
ȪݵĵúͻȻ˻ıɱ
ġ˵ĻЩ֡ûͻȻƽ޹ܳǮأ
Ǯ
İСƹСں۾ű𴦡ãƹͻȻ
Ȫһʱ䲻޹ˣ԰ɣʱ˶ôģʱϰ岡һʱ䣬ҪõǮ˺ܶ𣿡
һ˺ü⣬ƹǲסɨΧ˵ӻͳдšùͷ𶼱ĳֽݵƹǰŶ̴ٵһƹеĴһӵ˵ϡ
ѽϧˡҲԵòˡ
һûˤƣһ߼˻ɡƹ첲˼
˼ܲһֱŵ档һҲǴˣɢ˼űߣƹȆµض˰죬˵ǧҪ߱ˣߴߴ˵
ֽǴŪģ
ڵ̵ǮһûĽӰһ˺ëɧ
ѽǺΡȪҲһģһ£ͻȻͳһӰǸʱ޷תΪǮ˴æء 
ȪҲֹֽ
ƹͷȪЩǮ֧һʱ䣬ϰıսӲͻȻһ죬Ȫһˡ
ҪСѽֽ˵š
лٱ֮ǰƹ⡣
ȥĵʼһ£֪𣿡
֪ǣŵʱˣڵס
֪ݺݵ𣿡
ͬһٽᡣ
һǴݵСƣ˵ҹȥʱ򣬿һëȻĺӰȥƶЦΡ
ֻǸСƣ֪˷£Ҳ֪ʲôֽ
ȥݳо˵Щֵ¡ݵϰ޷Ϣġ
Ҳ֪õʲôͷҵҺϰ˺óʱĻʮңҲûʲôĲ
˵ԴӲԺԶˣֱü
(ŽǮӣԽԽˡ)
־ʲôֶΣѵյĽ׵أùͷ𶼱仰ʲôϵǣ
Ҳݵǣǵ˵ǰҹ˺ܶ࣬æһţ˽ꡣ֪룬һʶĻͿ˳ţʹкǼүүѾȥˡ
Ϊ˵ġ˵ͻؼˣϽظϡǿ϶ˡ
һţ˷ƹһͬ˿ıӭ
㵽Ķȥˣүүȥˣֲȥһ죬ҺΪѰ
⻰һӾˡ
үû𣿡
ǰ͵Ҳû֣Ǻܵ𣿿㡭
ƹ񲻸˵˵һͨѵĻȻһҲûȥ
үү뿪ˣڵѵԽԽƹ˵ʲôǲǶȥ￴һأȻڴʲôطأûĿ꣬ҲŲ
ˡ
ҪţſСƵǻˡ
үȥĶ˰еʡ
үȴȻش˵ôˣ
ҵȥүˡ
ôһ˵Ƭ֮û˽ӻˡȻϰ¶Цݡ
·һٽѣڸ˵˻ⲻȥһˡ
ȻЩĲ£ΪԱƹڣû׷ʡ
(ȥµþ壬ȥܲǰ취)
ΪʲôôأԼЩСʹҰοҲȥ޷ƽ
үȻѾȥˡ

5

ӰˣӰˣ
ͷҵææǰȥǮ䣬̾һ
ôᡭ
ӵֶһӣԱֽƺڼѻή
(ˣ̲ȡʩ)
죬һֱûȥΪֲ㣬ƹûԳŵɫүߣͲƹʲôìܡǮִˡ
ҧס촽ʱͻȻڱ˵
ڸʲôʮ
ͷһϰǮҲֻ
ȥˡԴӣһЩõɢǮشͬʱװŽӵӸϰ忴
ϰѸٴóǰӣñĿ˵ϾҪǮ븶ر࣬ǲ
үǮ׬İɣǮԶһɡ
ºİҪ˵˵ˡûлشȫ֮СǮ䱻˻ûзŭ̾ӪƣоõġԵ˵̺ҪעһѪͽǮ
һ㣬Ҳڴүܼ̳мҵ
(үȥɽ֣Ϊ֪в˼ѵ־ʲôף)
ˣүǮ仹ʱ̲סһ˵״ȪݺȥĵǮֵʱ򣬽ÿ¡
㵣ʲôҽʵúء
(ţʱû¡ĻֻҪǸӰһļһˣûˡǣûԷʲô)
΢Ĺ˾һ˵ȥˡţүس˵ãټ
ѽϺãôô磿
磡˯ǳ
֣ΪʹүһֱתԴһӽӲߵүԡүϤǰɲ֪ΪʲôܸоܼѡѵˣԸˡؿϣֻظðʱϢ
үǲȥǸֵļ᣿
Ĳ֪үȥЩϰݸǰүԼҲоֲͬûЦݡ
Ҹ˵˶ٱ飬ô
ڵ·ϣ͸һȥġˣμӼˣҲ롣ǣ˵ұܡ
һʱ䣬кüӴȴȻʽתңǰҪĽӡүһ㣬ԶǮļᣬûܾܾȻ
(뵰ڲںƹʱ)
ϾҪͷˣүܵвү˷£ʼ׷ȥʲôط
˵ˣ׻Ϊѵġ
ǲɵǸˣǲǣ
һơүȵŴ۾ͷٳɣʼĩ
ҽǸ˺ܶϯӵӡȻ󣬸׾ȥˣһǶȡͻȻоˣ
үʱеܺ£վ׼ؼҡ
ʱһֻ쵽ǰǸϡ
ֵǣȥȻֵľֻһֻ֣û塣Ƕضѻ֮ˡҪǸСӡֻһץסү֡оС֡
˻Ƶɤ˵
ؼңעУġͱʾؼҵġ项ͬ˵Ҫؼ𣿡
Ҳֻ֪Ǻܺ¡
үֻ֣嵽ߣ˸ףԸ˵Ҫصûͬ⡣ԺȻûǿүʲô£ȴ˵ǧ򲻿԰˵ȥ
ԽԽˣ̵˺üҲһˡǰɣǰɣһ᲻ѽ
˵޳ܼѡϽүĺ󱳣侲
ûϵء
ôأϽ¡үûˣע⵽ʲô
޷ǾǸһӣѻһЩõоһؼ䡣
(ﰡ)
ڰ죬ǲǸ˸еµĵط
ûУ
ӻͳֽ
ùͷ𶼱
ү˵ûûУү˵ûС
ûڱĵط
һ׷ʡүֻ˵һϢ
Ķ
ײμӵٽᡣ֪׸衣
үֻżȥһٽᣬĲϸ˵һϸ衣
ˣ֮ȴ׸֡ү˵岻ǴڿʼʹϢЩ֮һӶˡڵڿʲôֵĶ̴֪𣿡
˵꣬үңү˱ѡ£үͿʼסؿԡүʹӣ̸еһɺȫ
(ݵĵϰҲǽ޷)
Ϊ˲ү죬ҧסء
ΪֹûʲôԵ°
ſЦӱﴫ˳Ļشûʲôͬү΢ƽһЩүҪúϢүص˵ͷ
ھͳȥ
һҪúϢһᾡġ
үڱЩûףĿšңѽ䱳⴦ҽгտүȻ󣬽ǰЩ׼ЩǮתͨŵդţƲһ񣬳ȥˡ

ٽÿ¾һΣʱòҵĶ㡣Ҳ˵ûй̶ļ᳡ҳѧϰٽˡ
(ү϶֪ǲУ糿ûҺú档)
ԴӺүǮԺܾòȥʣΪҲһھ޴Ĳ֮СҪǮҲҪ£ǮԼܳ£۾ڣĿֲһּ֮ܳΪô
̾һȥһɿĻƺȥѧϰٽһ¡˵˻ˣһľʦ֡
(ã֪һˡ)
ԶĹ˴󲽡˹أǸľ˵ֽ֪仰˼Ȼֽһˡ
һȾƹҲһԶĵҵҲ˵֪ȥ׵ͷʱһȥѾ磬Щꡣ֮ȥϰݵүʦԽԽļ١Ϊ˸ʱ䣬ݳ޵һؽΣҵ֮󣬷ֻû˼ǵ׸衣
ùͷ𶼱Ǻ͸𣿲ǵˡ
رעرڽһ飬ƪƪС˵ͨ׻ͼС˵ΪС˵Ҳҡͷ˵֪ʱȶˣҲûпȥĵطˡ
ȻʱվǰƹͻȻ˵ǰ׺͸衣˭ĸţţһľżˡ
ȷһ׸°䡣
ţľżˣ
Ļشľ巿սһ
󡻾͵˼ɣľż˲ŪżдľżҲ˵Ӧľͷѽ
⻰λʮҵƹ΢΢һЦ
ѽ˿֪ܲľżͷȥġ
ԭŶллˡ
һ߷Ŵһһ뿪˵رС˵꣬Ȼû߼ͣסˣ̱ؿ·ԵƸϣýӲڷ¡
(ľżЩһɵģ˰СбݣЩľżѾ꣡)
Ż䡣ˣȷʵľżݡľżѾ֣εһǸɵģ
(ŵǮǮҲľżڱ׬ǮǣôǮƾǲģľżŪֵأ)
Ժֳү˵Ǿ仰
үˣ仰֮󣬺ԽԽѣ𽥱Ӳغľͷһ
(Ҳ˵ľżں˽塣ľżԽǮΪۣ˵ռΪУ)
ѾȫΪεľżǣŬǰЩҹ￴ĹӰžǵ߶ľżΪ˵ռΪеĲ̵ͽӡľżΪʲôҪЩ£벻ͨҲֻΪռб˵ȤҲЩľżһǵ뷨˵ϣһ㣬ͬΪֵ
ҪǣүһӶᡣΣֹľżӲĻͲܺͻȥүҲȪݺݵϰȥ
·
ӻƻܹҳ

6

һڣˣͽˡͮͮϼУˣݵ½½Ժ˳Щֱܡľżˣڶ
ϯӴϯûˣ߻谵ֱӽ˺̨
ûȫ΢⣬ԿżľżһЩ˩ӵϡϷ޵Ĺͷɷص۾ĸҹ棬ʺѪڣҴ½ճ޲ϵѪڻ谵ĹߵУµΣѪһ
ľżͷĿ˭л˵
ܵͳ
ɴľżȫڵأȻܱ֤үþȡûκҲûлشӻȡֽ׸衣
ùͷ𶼱ľż˳ĸ裬ŵԵ־ݰɣǵĹҶ͸ˡԽǮΪۻȡ˵壬ʲô
ӻó˽ӣϵһӷϡ
֮ܶʹ˷ŹҼүȫǡŶǻԳ࣬ӱҲС
˵ˡԵƬ̡
ȻûлشҲû졣ˣһݶϷ
ǣһİԫעԫإТеʤδޡżˣַľżͷϣһһٵ˵ٲ˵ҾͰҸ顣˵練ơӦøоõҲ˰ɡ
ͻȻҽ䲻ץסͷһԭľżʤȻһСǸżˣںڰ֮ȴһ˵ϢëȻ
ߣҲϣˤðɣʵҲǡ
ʹһ½ţʤ͹˷ĽԱ߳һӰ󷽵ķɣ˲뵽̫ɹߣע̫ɹߣ㷺Ӧڴʿ̴ӵ֡Ѿżкܴˡ
ѽ㿴ľż츺Ʊݵˣɡͷ𣿡
ûʲôͷǱҪľżģûˣҲûҪʲô飬ֻǣ
ȻҪǽǿЦɣ
˵ֻҪǮͰһֻ첲һǽ
ľż˵ѾǵǸΪʲôҪˣ֮Ǵʱʼġ
ܺ⣬Ǹ˿Ҫ
ľż˽ף޷ͣ֡
ڱ׬ǮѾк˵Լԣһ취ǴӿⷿΪʲôңû˵ɣ
(Щһ֮֮Ļߵһſϰأ)
ľżΪԼһΪȺеһԱ˿ûжôΥ˻ڼ׳飬ֱΪֹ
ǣû鵣ˣҪֻү
ηүľżǵĻشȴ쳣䵭
ûõġ
ûõġ
ûãΪԼ֪ôͣ
㵵һӴ
֪Ҳ֪
ԼѾЧˣǮҲˣүҲزˣΪһʼûа취ġ
˵ʲôǣүôûأԡ
˵һ룬סˡϰ忴ȻһҪǮĻ൱־塣ѵһʼľүүѵ𡭡үѵԼ˵һ£ֻöӴһ¡ǰһ󷢺ڡѵѾ׺
֡ɵ¡
ͻȻһĸоֽǦһڹ߻谵ĺ̨ľżվ˷
Ѱԫң
££Ҿ㣡
ǰҲҪҪүһҲΪľżͬѽ
㶶ȥҲǻľżǾڳʬϵѹѹؾ£һȻؿڣ
һһСľż쵽ϡ
(֪ͣô죿ô죿)
۷ۿҪľżûһһľżһһ㣬·γһ޴ľżûǰҲľżסˣһƬڡ
ľżͷʱͻȻ߾ȫһ𣬽ľżȫڵء
ˡЩһѾ޿ɾҩˣԣֻһ
Ц񷢷Ƶľż
ԹȥΪȡµҰȫˡ
˵꣬ȭݺݵϯӵĵذȥȭͷһֱݽĻܡ
Ÿ˵һľݿʼΣҵҡ֨֨¸£죬ڰϯӵӳˣһζɢɵԶԶġһ꣬žϯꡣĳͰһеĿˮһ
һ档ɲʣľżǾͺʹһˡһĴҲȫˣֻʣһƬĳ¹£Щ΢
ԥشó˻ʯʱµľͷд˼
ûõġ
ʲôûˡ
񷿺ܽҪǵһӿġ
վ֣ڵķȷʵЩΣա
Ҫүֻˡ
Ѹٴ˻ʯƵȥľȡڵµϯϡ
ǰȼܴ˺ҹɲǼ䣬ƾľż˵ӿ
()
߲֪ȼŵľͷϯӵľżǵıĺһ˵һȼһҹյԽԽ
һľżǾٲ˽壬ˡ˵ЩҪġٶ࿴һۣǷɱص̡

صʱ򣬸ĵطܽ
˶ȥˡ˲Щֱүҡ
үһˡ
ô˵ǵģϽ쵽סүֱۡ
̫ˣүˡ
һүʹӡ
ǡ
ү
˯һȻڴƽҲʵ˯ŵʱ򣬴˯߱Ƚǳֱ۱ץסΪʲô۾ء
Ὣַŵүߡ
ûк
(ɣôЩһѾˣʰˣյˣ)
үһҡţүԽ˫Ŀľż˵ĻԺлص
ûõġ
ʲôûˡ
(˵ˡûõģûõģûûûûûûá)
Ϊʲô
벻ͨ⵽Ϊʲô
ҡү˵ûûµġѵʧ𣿡
Դͷһţͷ˺ܾãһҲûվүԡ
(ûûûûûûûûá)
ľżǵĻԺԾһУȻûһᡣô죿ô죿ûһ⡣
ҹţ˴֪ᷳʱӳ˺ɫѾյ˽ֵԼҵĵ̡ľż˵ɲ֮䣬ӵ˽ֵϣܱһƬ𺣡
(Ϊҵ꣬ΪõǮүүˡ)
һ뵽ôĵҪΪҽͻȻЦȪݡݺݵϰΪ˵õǮΪ˱̣ү֡絶ʣ޵ץ
ٺٺ١﷢һεþֱͣˣЦۿڵأֻһЦţЦţšóһʱ䣬ֻõԼĿЦ
֪֮䣬Ⱥȼһ㣬ޱȡͷһѾյүҵϣͷ½Ҳǻ֮£ڶ˶壬ҡҡλεվ
(ү) 
ΪүҪᡣүѱľżھ;ע;ָҪɹһͨȪĺӡ֮ǰҲûһá뵽ЩûнүǶ뿪˵̡
ʧȥү͵̣Ȼ˼ǣûΪʧȥ֮̾Ϣڣֻ޾ıˡ

̫£ڸ棬긴һ꣬ȮȻĿĵεûѰ֮ʱҲΪû˽Уصˡ
һΣ·ϿĹ붼ûֱӲȥû뵽һȺΧת֮ͱվ

7

ȻأǸү𣿡үһ̫ɱأ۾ʡ
˵ͷͲݵүˡǼҵоͲݣһֽƷ꣬صҲڽˡ
ȻǼҵôã˵ʱȴ˼ֶǲ𡣿ΪԷڼˡʹ˵ǹȥ飬Ļһһʹ
̣оͲڵֵȫչˡҲڣһѲֶˡ
ѣܹϴĳ򣬿ԴͷʼֻǣͲݵүҲزˡһʼҲлһҲү֪¡
μ̫ʹ࣬û˵
ôݵأ
ҸղŲ˵үĸƤ·˰Ҿȳġ
ƤһǧĴ֣үһ̫ɵĸүġ
˵ľ飬Ƥ·˵ñͰүиҡֻ뱨Ƥ·˵ľ֮
Сһ̫ɺʼ׽үһҲ벻ˣʱʱпܻƬ̲ңչ˿ˣ֮⣬ÿ컹Ҫǧڳݹææµµӣ
֪ѹȥʮꡣ
ȻԺȣ㳤ʮֻһ˲ڼ䣬һֱ˽УֱȮϤ֡үڣڣֱļҡ
(ʶʱЩһҰ¶޵£ѱ˻䡭)
£Ĭ˺һ
үĵʣǲǲЩǲǲԸȥ
΢Цһ£ʢҩݸүҡҡͷ˵ǵģҺ;ͲүϵܺãҲǡ
ѽϸóҩˣүүһ⡣
ݷ˵ȥүʲô⣬ҪһˡҲ뿴·ڶΡǻѹȥɣ
үϽһæҩˡݲʼСЦˡ
ϣ᷿Ļ˺öö̿ݳޡ͵ҩð˰ŵůͼˣߵĺһʹ޷šû¹꣬ҵڶ
(Ҳ¶޹ʹͰ)
Щ;Ͳһ𣬱˻䡣үһ̫ƽ£ڱϢҪġһҪػס
мҴүӽºȥ棬һ˯ʵӡΪ̫ѹúܳʼʱµһյȥֻϾ£ܶࡣЩүЦˡ
(ǱȽȮá˽ҵ֣Ҹ)
ͻȻ롣ţʼУ롣
ʼӹĲ룬ůޱȡ



1

үΪʲôСӷںɰأ
ݵ᷿үһ̫ɸմС¹óӣϥϾ˵һֻĿСΧһȦ̧ͷ
о߿үͷԭ佨ݻµһ磬߿ӡļͬѰȻүȴŲæ΢΢һЦ
ƽʱһֱŹ˵ʲôʲôأƽӡ
ƽӣʲô˼
Ļɳɷ˹Ӳžò̫ء
ү˵ѾʮˣȴҹεѽӻǮѽȫԵΪ峬Ѱܹ
ΪֹѾԲ졣뿪ʱ򣬾뵽⡣ѵóûɵ㻵
ۣүͻȻôֵ뷨ѵݵټ̽ʱѳԵĵĳԶ˲ɣ
̫ˣңֻ뵽ߡ
һˣҲǸոպʼͬġ
续﷢ͳģ͵Сƽʱ˵ڿ࣬ȴһҲӲӡ
ڳһСģǣȻ}ֱתȴ֪Ǻá
סڳݵǺүһˣﶼպõүԳţɧҡƽʱ˵ȥһԱߵĵֻ̣ƶᳳ죬ο첡պãʼ֪ˣһ׼ᱩס
ǣҽζȥһˡ
ү˾ģ˵жжٽǮҴſȥ
ۣãҪȥءĶ
͵дһүҲûͣԸٶȴ˲졣
ү
ʱүͻȻ۵һʲôһǡһץסͷ͵ӹүڵġ
ٰЩһϰɣҪһȥһᰤġ
ү˦±̾Ϣ᷿һֱҩԱߵСųȥ˽ϡԶСټҵĵݡүǱ߿һۣü̳˲ӡ
ǰת糱Ĵһٴһդţ͵ڵĽϡЪŵĲ̯ܶϢ
ЩԱ߹ȥһͿԿһ̡һҵһţдСɵݡزүŲͷ˽Ų
ȵԴһЩ
ԼǰûҾ޷ƣƸӶû˵ⱼɵүȴûнȥ˼ǵſھߣǵ
үԭûҵ
ײݣûҪĶүЦ˵
ⲻ̫Ϥ֣ǶԴ
ײǴռƷƷȻٵתĵ̡
Ӫ㡢ҡ۵ͷŵʳԼװóʢŽƷȡڽ֮Ǻܶ࣬˾ͳ˴еȻү᷿ûһϵ
ΪʲôֵطĿԴʡүֻݸһЦûлشԱһ̡ڵǰһӣһװĵһòƹɵݵ¡
Ǽҵϰұ˺ܿɿģҲʵӣ˵ׯذɡô
ʵϣһʶý˶˵ׯسϿʵü޸ʲ
ѽ⡭ô˵أ
ԷͻȻүϽһ
ô˼ѽׯǰһֱ̤ʵذ︸ĸ⡣һĶǮһȺ˵׷
˵ǰܲׯزţ˵ҪǮ¡
ǲǶǮˣ
ƹЦһûشүл˵šΪ˴Աߵմɵꡣ
ׯأǸ˿ܿʣҲˣɾôأҼһǱõѵ⣬ֹһΡ
մɵϰĲ²⣬ׯǸĻϲˡ
ѽѽˣ
̵ˣׯصĿֲһصĴԸŮйء
ׯؽˣȻЩǸŮġֽа԰Ǹ˵ãסںɱ
ѵжˣ
үһ´סˡʱһԱ߲˵廰
˵ׯϣһ˳ףǰ԰˵
Ѿߵꡪһϲŵˡ
Ϊ˵ãŲɣ԰ɣѽôһΪıĸ磬ǮׯҲ⡣
ǡ
Ϊлү߲˵ϰһӣȻϡЩأһǰ߲Զ̫ƽˮͰͣʱߴߴ¸µ
үǰô֪ԭиáСˣ
ԭٱүӣѽѽ¿ˣ˾Եùܡ
֪Ϊʲô͸һɻϲүַ̫Ѩϣεس̾һ
Ǳ˵ˣʲôãǶΪ˽ׯ˱ġ
ѽǾû˼ˡ˵ׯأǸļһֲãǸͽծΪǮŮġ
ѽܵôԶĵطΪЩɣ
ţ
Ǳү佱￩Цүȴεس̾һ
λС磬ľǸղ˵ׯء
ʱһ߲˵괫үתͷֻһԲ赲ƳɫƵĳϷӭƮ裬»ҳ
ׯءλˣл˵
ôһޣүЩżΪû뵽ôͺׯر̸Ȼׯȴû˵
̫
ܱ˵һ仰û꣬˾ûӰһѷɱ߲˵֮С
ׯһ˵ûգү¡ʲôקƵģʼں׷ֿ⣬һֱܹǰ㳤ݵĺͬ
ţ﷢үǴѽ
֪ׯΪʲôôƴܡ
үңֻƴܡ
һֱܳԶһǰʱһһ˫ϸ۾ĸ߸ŮӴӷ߳ׯһͣסˡ
԰ҾԽԽΣաйذɣ׷ʲô
ûʱ˵ˣӰɡΪֹǧץ
죿
ׯؽŵһΡʱղͨСڴ˽Ų
ߣ԰С
ׯƳȥһүŮһۣں׷
ׯأʲôѽ
үںʡׯһͷү¶˾ȵı顣
ǡҲˣ
š
үܱ˵ﲻɾ䡣
ղҾ;пµ˸Һ棬˵˭أ
һֱ׷
үܾȣû˵ͣסˡһɲǣǰ󶼱סˡ
(׷ϵʿ)
뵽үƽһαľ۵һͷ
һӣݴǰʧˡ
(һġ)
˺ʲôҲ֪ˡ

2

үҪŵǰ죬Сټһ̽
үе˷磬һֱšãϽ˳ݲ裬˼ӡүΪټҲһԼĵζΡС˵ǵ̵ļ̳ˣȴһ㣬˵Ĳ㡣
ȻζͥԺȥİӣȴǳζ
ټİɣ
Ȼһھܳ
û𣿡
Ŷ˺ܶ࣬Ҷˡ
ȻΪʲôûأ
үͷ롣ټ²ÿڣͻȻͷ
(ѽôˣ) 
ӷǳ棬ЩΪѡСӣүܵġ
ټüֹ˺óʱ䣬ſڣҸѾ¶Ҽ̳еˡ
ǲǺܺģףƷඣ
үС飬ϲɵ¶ЦݡΪټĵʵڲߣ̳ܲе̣һĸͷ˺þõ⡣
ôϲɺص£Ϊʲôüأ
Ƶĵ׶һһ̹ˣһûһ
ûг׻ټ˵ԭġ
˸ˣźܺõ£ھü޳ȥˡ
ˣټڼﵱ̳ˡ
˵ôͻȻƯء
żǽɵײݣ˵Ǽһɵĵ̡¡һºĹżǰȥˡ
Ҳ˵Էҵʵżܺܶࡣ
Էʮ꣬ׯأδȢס˵ΪȥĸǸˡ
Ϊĸ׷ɥׯزؿȢ޵¡ټĸĸðҸԺӡ
ټȻûţׯ˿ͣ¶ɫݣ԰⡣
ǰһֱһ̫ɣϴһĲɵġ
ңһȢء
סһ̫ɸʮ꣬ԲΪȢ׻Щŵڲ൱ͲС˵ֻѰÿ
ֻүСһ꣬ѵ˻޵䡣
ҪһֱģȢ͵ˡˣѻͷɡ
ټ֧鰸ϣͷ͵öˡүæץס֣
⡭
ǸôأѵܵǰȻ˵һ䡸Ҳϲ㡹һΪѵүټ̹ʵؽ췢ʼĩ
ǰ죬ׯĸײ¶ۼذѰܸ˭֪ͻȻׯһ¡
үܾȡ
һκǸ˼棬͡Ϊʲô£
˵һ˷ǳǳҪ̴ŪˣΪҵǸ̴ͬ޸ׯء
ټʰô£Ϊ̴ܾǱĻѻ
ǾϷڣһЩܴﵽҪöԷġ
˵̴ʵڲǻѻ
ׯصʱº͵ʰ˵Ǹʲô̴
˵һ˳ġɫ̴
ټ͸ĸڵҿˣûҵ˵Ǹ̴Ҷ֪ô졣ټһ׷Ǹ̴ΪʲôôҪֱ˵ࡣ
˵Ǹ̴һ̫͵˺ҪˣǸ̴ʲôĶģ
ү˵ֻż̴˶ѣ԰˵ȴǸ
ټ˼ǣҲͶһƵģҲҪׯذ̴ֻܶ¡
ȻүôҲ벻Ǹ̴
ҡİ̴ˣ
ʲôټʹüңͰ͵̾Ҳһ̫ɴ󷽣˶̫࣬ǵˡ
ΪúǺҲ̣ĸҲԣôиŮ̴ء
ƺŮϲ̣Ȼڳݵ᷿Ȼû̲ݣүԴ˼ټ̾˿
ȻǰΪ˾ܾ¶Ļѡ
˭Ҳܰһ˸ڵ̴ҳһɥټүƽ˵ǸׯصǸýǸ̴а취
һ̫ɣ
һҪҾͱɻֻҪðĲ𣿡
ټͷգۡү˵һ취̴ܴ治ڣýҡ
ʱռү˼ģ̴
(Ҫˡ)
һֱһˣһСŮҪˡӰˡ򡢴ݡ׽ԲأĻ䣬᷿ĸ临һүɵЩҡ
(ԷǸļһأͰ)
Ǹ̴үǸˡ

3

û°ɡɣ
⾪ʧûүۡׯ
Щ谵Աмżӣϱ߰طŶү͵ڼмĵذϡ󱳺ۡǱӲľذϣ彩ӲԵʡ
̫ˣѹ𣿡
ǡĶ
ү۵һͷͷһװ
(ѽۡ)
ү˵ׯźڷûشү⣬ֻһҡͷ
ӦǱʿϮȻ̧ĳطŶԣȻûЩ˵ӰǽķֻˣҲûס
һҳڣֻзĵذϣķһ谵Ķ±ߺڹ¡˵ġ
ǽַĶ㰡
ȥӱˡ
ͷۡΪʲôᱻʿ׷أôģ
׷ʵ벻ûʲô¡
ׯҲԴ˼
Һ鷳һʶء
ׯصͷүһǸʹװһüĴУһѶ˵ġΪ˵硣ûжۣүϱ߿һСɫƲ⣬ʧȥʶӦûá
ľмʿ׷һˣǲѰ
ô˵Щﶼų粻ӦȷӦʱ򣬺ܿѱɵ֮뵽Ψһ;ڳǸŮӵĻ
˵֮ǰץŮһ֪ʲôңһǿеİ԰ôׯʰ԰£ӦܵõȽȷеĻش
һʱ˭Ҳû˵һׯؽͰүôҿմʲô𣿡
һμ棬źүԭȻôͺأүһʱûܸˬĴ𸴡
Ҳ˵ǸΪε¡˽һ£Ǹʲôˡ
û˵һ仰ׯؾˬʵЦ
Ŷݵټɣǰû㣬ǿϧ
ŵͷϹʩүſֱˡ
òðأԱ˵ǰʱ飬˿ɲáҲվڸ˵ЩΪֵܣҲû졣Ǿ˳ˮ۰ɡһʶƣˡ
ɵݸĴԡ
үôһ˵ׯϵı̽סˡ
ԵУӦкְܶɣ
һߺٺٵЦһűͷ
ôأ˵ֵҲ׼ȷ
үóԼļ硣ȵү˵ԶǹʲôծŮ˵ýûʱׯЦԽˣŤˡ
ͷۡûнծġ
ȻȴиׯؽǮˣǰ԰ĸ磬ɭֱ֮
Ǹ˽˺ܶǮʱҲҽһЩ衣
˵һͷѵأ
ִסǲǽѵҷɧǸͷݵϲţûףҴԵֻǽչò˳
ɵϰнϲţ˵չڳݾסİ԰ʵɰ԰Ϊ檣ׯذæׯ˵ʱûܾܾӦȥΪѵξء
ղڳǸˣǰ԰ɣôеŶ
ţǵġ
ׯأÿ仰ﶼС԰Ǹأ
ׯص׶Ǹ磬һ⣬뵽Щүչ湥ơׯص岻֪ˡ
ѡǵģѡ
ȥ˭̶ֳȵѣ
ϲ˵ʶӲҰϣ˶ѡ
Ǯֽ֮飡Ǻڱʿ׷ϡ
Ҫʵ̫࣬ټ
˵꡸һ֮͡ׯؾͿŵ̾һһǽַˣȴ̸ֲʱ˵Ļ⡣
(ǣ԰Ͼˮ档)
԰Ůˣׯ¼ƺҪׯرеĹϵ
ׯ˵ɭҺɵϽ飬ֻʿ;ײ֮Ĺϵ
ɭұƷû壬ԣͻȻᵽʱǴһ
˫׶ȥˣֱ̳֮ˣеԭίҲûŪǣȥͶݣסڼªĳΪִڲһʲôر¡
Ҽҵ볤ݺܽԺܿͼ԰ˡΪûпˣ¾
֮ܶׯر㵹ˮͽǮѡ԰ֻҪɵ¶һ棬㽫ƷߡһΣׯط˷һ̺жˣֻʣһ˵Ĳ̴
ڹϵľ̴ׯһп˵Ŀࡣ
ǴǰϸǺܶչˡ
Ҫôİ԰ɴȢǸ𣿡
үΪʲôѰ£ׯһ߿Цһ߻ش𣺡ɭ٣Ҳûм޸˵Ĵ㡣ֻǣͣΪˣ뾡ܣΪʲô
ŶΪˣ
ѵ˵ֻҪˣӦΪ԰²ɣүˣֱü
԰԰˵ʲôǰ԰
ʹû׵ĵزͰ԰ҲҲůŮϵ
ȻתǾͲܰѰ޸㡣һ£ׯأŮ˴һߣ
ôһʣׯسĬһү˳ݵҩüͷš˸վ˵̸ΪֹͷŤһߣתˡ
(ɲУ̸ʲôԵ)
иﻹҪŮˣȽծŻҪ
үҧ촽üͷӣһֻؼҴµµ˳
ү岻ˣ
С˵Ժ󣬾ʧ˽ı⴦
Ϊ£ĲˡңȥԺҪǱʼǿͷϵĴװһᰤһʹƣ͸оһλһͷϡһǵġһ߬ȭͷʼʼÿ£һ¶̱Ц׼ҴֻҪһ붼սһʼĻһӶ㻵¡ȥԺһҪ԰¡ټ˵ׯصΪˣҲһᷴԡ̳е̵£ͳӰ
үüͷׯصͷ˹
ôôأ˵˺ü飬ҺͰ԰ûʲô
ۣϽ⡣
үعͷһִûйʵͨһ֣Ͱ԰ͬĵطȣׯȾ˭
ǾȾýǸɡ
ׯ˵ʱûҿү۾үɫ࣬Ǵ֣ԱһСľׯȥ
۰ʲô
ԶǲǾͲȰˣ
үû˼ΪǵǸֻǽׯص۾
ʵϣķ֣˾ͻᱻΧʱˣү֪һ㣬ֻ̽ѡԼǼٸ磬ׯȴں˵ⷬˣ
ˣôش𣬶ǴġүˣǾϸߣׯأ˭ҲȲˣΪӳȥİ취ûС˵ôȥˣֺãҲ޷ǿ̸
ͷһͨ˵ׯػײۿүһԡټ̬ȾƷһʧ֮Σյաүʶ˼Աߵһɨ㡣
ʱۡӲײڲַص

4

򷢳ķȥֻǺڹ¡˵Ķ棬ͻȻľͷ
(ӡ)
ûһʿүׯزؿǽϡǰڳͻȻϮүˡүׯǰ濪վ¸ӡ
ĸɵϰ壿
̶̵һʻׯصӵؾ֡
ɭӦһǶˣǡ
(Ŷǵģдۿıһ)
ϸµףүĸװȥдϷݵĽĿûһ⣬ɨˡʿղŵĻͺĶ͵ʱǸɫ̨ˣֻЩ
Ķʲôأ˵һ䣬ɭͷ׾ݣûڱκζ
ׯ¶ɫǸûǸ
˵ǾĹһƷӦǼĴˡ׸լ˵ġ콻ɡ
(죿˵ȥƺǴеˣھȷʵһµˡǣǡ)
үڤ˼룬Աߵׯطԡ
ׯ˸Ʒ֣Ƿ񣬻ǲʲôġȻûлش
үԲ廰ǹ¡Ҫ׷ܣʲôλõʿȴ˵ңⶫ˾Ȼһƶˡ
үͻȻǵʿɻү˭
ׯصݡүһֽ˵ׯأǸֵôҵѰĽƷһ൱ֵǮƶɭôŪֵأ
Է֧֧ش䡣
ǶһǮǶǳǮģ̵ֻϲŰɣ
ҲǸҪѰ԰Ϊ檵ˡǮ԰Ӧֻѡ檣ˣ԰ƺ˽ǮҪΪǼҲŪ֡
ôҪĶɭôύׯرأ
һ㣬үסȻƷҪǾӦ͸͵˲Ŷԡ
Ϊ˲
ΪѾӦƷˣץʿǼ˵
үĪ׷˵ļһԽԽϷ
˵ɭ뵱٣ǼƷΪϧǣˣ԰ɣ
˵λҶܼѡֻҪһƷܵ٣үš
ǲһУֻܽϲŵǮ
ׯԳһӡ԰ϣ檣Ȼزֻù黹ƷϱǮȻ̰ѽϲŵǮ塣
ǣְΪʲôʿ¶أ鲻𣿡
ɭ˵Ʒºܿ촫ʿƷڴ˵ûˣôأ
(ѽԭô¡)
ɭѹλȵŪ֣Ȼ
(̫)
ڣʿһǿׯزʵʵƷͰͬүһʹֱִֶΣ˵£ҲѾͶ·ˡ
(԰ׯ˵֮ǰҪ׽ô޾ඡ)
ʲôҲ֪ѽġ
ׯǴſǻڲַصѻ˵ݶϣҲܾʹ˽ᡣ
ڻûпԼĴҪƷĵطݵʲôҲûУʣиģҲֻɵˡ
ǿɲԻ˵ɭ¡ɭĵ˹٣Ҳһó
ү̽˵Ȼûá
Ҫ˵ˡ
˵Ҳǡ
үָоڿϷˡٺͽƷϷ԰ﳣϤڡֵսԶȥˣǿʿһֹŹֵķʽ̤ʵص֮£ֵʽȴ޼ҲͳײֹŹֵе
ǿɲ˵ѰɭҪûٵ£Ҳֵġ
ׯͻȻߴߴ˵΢΢ЩȻʿĵ£ջҲƲסӡ
ǲһʼƭǰǲһϾк˽ٵƭһýǮĹƷ
죡Ҳпܾʹ˥䣡
ʿ˵ţͻȻγ˵ֻһԴ˹ȥүһʵˡүϽ£סӣǲˣֺһͨ
(ûϵģû£ҪԹԵ)
С͵˵ûлشǴ̫ģֲס˰ɣүϾ͸оԣæһȻһң϶ﵽ⴦ȥˡ
(ֻҪ־СҪǲϽȥɲ̫ң¹ҵһ¡)
ĵĶԻеᷳͻȻиĶ˲ϡһ£оȻǵǰׯŵɫ
ܡҸ￴ʲôʿѾ˵ᶯ
ҪǼޣεŪҪ벻Ϳһǻ벻
һȣ룬룬ǵʱ䣬ֻҪһУġ벻
ׯصϸƴؿš˵꣬һÿˣүĲҲӽӲн˳֮ԲǿƣΪ֪λҲòʵڵû޵ʱҲ𳤵һС    
ҵǵڡޡ
仰ʿ¥ȥˡʣµҸǺ棬ҲҪڹ¡˵¥ȥүϽԱߣׯԴ
ôأĸΪұɱҾûټˡ
١Ϊ㵹뵽ˣ
ׯظûүڿ࣬ƴ롣뱻ɱүҲ˼⡣
(ô˵ѶҳʿҲ̫û˼ȫû£ô취ȥ)
̧һͷϵĴ󣬽һȥǶӳȥΪǲַĶ㣬ȥҲΣա
ʱү˴С
䲻֪Ķƺܽ
ѽġǲ𣿡
ׯҲ̧ͷʿסĵطû·˶ȥдС߶˵Աһĵط
󺰾𣿡
ղʿҪ϶ŵˡ
ִ
ݣݡ
ݵСĽϤѷˮڶͲݲõܣಡүСʱ򾭳档
˻
ͻȻһ£Сʱ¡
(ڱ˼ԺһƯͷ)
Ա߰źܶණװż˼һæµ
үͼСΪ׷ݶǼҵԺ졭
(죬һС飬ǰǡ)
ңǼƯͷɫ

5

үͻȻȻʧׯر
ôˣѵ뵽ʲô
Ŷǰ¡үҡҡͷׯأ˶áֻ֮ܶ룬֮ʲôҲˡһһ飬ǼȥĶ
Ϊ˲ׯע⣬԰ɵݵĶķɵݵĻӦһ׶ʧС
Żǵꡣ
ղ˵ûסĳôҪĶܷԺ¡˵Ǽûϵ԰Ҳ˵֮ǰ˴ס
ԭ
ׯرץͿܱ˶ߡΪģ˵Ǿ仰
ûһ𣿡
ׯضȻҡҡͷֻҪ԰һ֣ͻٴɽȹѽɱʲôġһΣտѣװõﻨƿ
ͱҵĳƺү˵̲סЦ
б£˵ܱɳĴءʲôҵʱӦúܳԾӦöǵòŶѽ
ģЩ˵ĶĻƷ
˵Ŭ룬ȴ벻
һֱȥڻûġǰɣ
ΪһССĹƷ˾һߣǻơʿһɱˡǼҪĶҵĶү˵񽭻;֮ľңԶڣмľ޷Ӳ
ׯ¶һԽԽ벻顣
ղ˵԰޸仰㻹ǵ𣿡
ղһֱŲͻȻ˿ڣϸүһۣ˼ʣʲôˡ
ׯؽ˵̹׵˵ҹȥжʱϲ԰ҾܿѰһˣҾɫǣΪˣԲУײݣᡣ
Ϊײݣ
үһܾȣƽΪѾµ˰԰˼
ɭҹȥһֱתײƷ԰ײݵϱҪÿ죬һӺʧĹȥ档˵Ψһܲˡ
ײƷǺ˫ʵĻһġ²ǿׯֻгĬ
ΪˣҲӦʱͥ⣬ӭȢŮˣǣ⣬벻ʲôӵĻʹͰ԰Ϊޣ˵չ˵᲻ò˵꣬СֹûϢɣ
ׯغڷүⲻ
ԣԺ󣬲ܰ԰ӵʲôҶû
ֻһӣͻȻúܼį˸׵ʱ򣬾̫ˡ
һԺ˼˰ϡΪԼ˺Եˣ֪ô£εҲ˳
Ҳ֪ɣڱѰǸ̴ҵ
ҲʧٵĹƷһûҵϣׯؽԳƵ˵ҲΪԼƽʱƷ̫
ҲǣԶ˵ǮĲŮˣôкԵأ
үЦ˵꣬ϾͰЦ
ѽͷȥˡ
СһѾȾɫʱʧǸػصү΢˵
Ұү岻¸˳ݣָǵطʼϾͻġ
˵ұڲַˣ
ǵģ㱨ˡ
ͦظԺӡ
(˵֮ǰȥɲ̫λ鲻õĻƴʿլۡĴźͲַҸϡá) 
үعͷׯƷһ¡
ȻܻܲһºͰ԰һڵĶúܶ࣬дһСֽƬС
һЩ˵Ķѻƿߣһƺһ̨Сһ֧ëʡһѾӣĶҲ֣һƵ̴ģʲôأ
ׯǰŵ̨кëó̴ְժүǰѾӻһ棬ѾˣƺڳáһܶǮ
Ŷ
үѶϸϸع۲
ʱһֻҲصүеҶүӽǸķĶס˺
(ÿ죬ѵѾˡ֮ǰǾȳȥȻáǣÿ¡)
֧ӣׯصһӽסˣү˱ͷ˵һٵ׼Ȼ±ʿ
첻ǻû𣿡
үһɧܲǣʿĵĲ
𣿶Ķ
ܽ꣬ǵȵòͷˡʻʱĵ˾ΣաүоϾҪգ˲۷ʲô׼
֪ˡţҲǶ
ģ
ǰ̳ϲЦ
ǣ˵ǶƽµػؼңȰǷųȥ˵
ټ
ԱߵׯغµؿүʿɫҲЩÿΪܶ϶үǷѣʿðһ̵ܶĻҲáȥ˵ţָͨڹ¡˵һӡ
Ǹι
¥ݣͨһȺš;УׯʲôǸһʹסˡֻҪʿм䣬ʲôҲû
һ˱صĵطȻһַţүׯؾͱʿţѽƻ֮£ӺܿͥԺᴩ˹ȥ
(ô󣬲ֹլۡ)
Ȼ뵽һ㣬լۡĹƲԷݣүˣΪһ˿ֻѰؿѡ
סɵլۡˣȻһССƷڵýͷöǻЦ
ǰ߲ѾõǶ˵ɡ
ǺšʿСդͻݴԱߴүƳһţûҿŵĴӦܴߴ򿪡
ү֣õǸղŴׯнӹ̴
ǴҵѰĽƷҲǰ԰ĴׯصĹƷд
ʿȴûΪôǶһùܾõ̴ͨѡ
˵ǽƷ
ΪһֱעⲻûҵûĽƷ
үѲ̴ϵϸָָǰ߹ŵһ硢һĴ׹ӡ׹ģϸµص˸ӡ
ȻŪˣģǽڻܹءң㿴⾫ӣӦֵܶǮɣ
Ȼү˵ǻȥɡȻʿǲˣҲ̴
(ôûĵˡ)
үǵ֮ǰԼȥդǰӦ̳ȥŵʿԱߣȻ̣ܶȴ൱ѡ
ƭ˿ɲС˵Ʒһżˣ׹ӡ
ʲôôͻȻô˵ԭһֱû˵
ׯصʿӭЦ
ûʲô˵ˣ˵øٵĺŪǡ˵ѵˡ
үס׹ӡ
ѵġһʼûǻȥ
ԺõˣҲϲ
ⳡɧҴߣ鷳߱ɵڿԺκ˶ҵΪϵĲͬĴˣҲ̤ҵլۡ
(ȻЩ)
ԣׯҧأ򶨡޼ƿʩĽҪͷ˾ͻԳԡ
(˱мǿ)
ǰʿγ˵
ЩһʲôҲ֪
նɱƽ巳ɧ֮зйеơ
ǹģתתȥϷһֻǣҪͷһдȻͬ
ۿشվүֱϡô£һȴҪһЩ
(ⲻ̫)
үֱʱդű߿ˡ
(ǾȻˡ)
ôǲƽʿˡ
ȣֻˣʹˣΪֻͨˣǴشǰ֣⴦֦ϵȴҲүʶͬ飬ԴԴϵؾ£
ʼǲҪôþ򣬰ѵ۶ϾͿˡ˵Ҳ˰ɣѽ
Ȼʿγ˵Ƕ˵ֱСһһ򣬾Ͱʰ޳ɵݡҲû򹻣һ˵תүǶٽѵүӡ
⡭λѽ
˴ߴڷ㶵ׯغүšŵشʧںڰС

6

үЩʲô
صүǺݺһͨѵһĹ֮жϣΪ˦ڲַľϵүַˡ
մӲлָͱľУЩɱƵķŭѾ˴δйĲɶֹĳ̶ȡ͵бƺݺһ١򵽴ҴܡټΪףҲֹһʱѳԵĵοʡˣүֻܼįԴϢ
ԴȻο˵Զ಻õĵĲãԲүˡʮ죬Ȼ´ˣҲȻûеõɡΨһֵοǣͨڵ֮дŵķʽʼĩټ
ƽѾȥˡ
׻ҳˡ
ԱߵݣүΥټڷġС촩һмһյĺͷΪǰ޵ӡ
չ˳Ǽһֱææ⡣
˻죬æĻŮǡټ˸µˣһֱڵһǺһ̫˵
ټ㻹ǺͰ˵˹ڰ԰°ɣҲѰ̴Ǽ¶ׯ˵ˡû뵽ºܿͽˡ
˵ǰ̸˺ܾġ˵꣬ټ͵͵ءһׯ˵Ǹ԰ˡ
𣿼޸˭
̵ϲš˵ͻȻüˡ
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ϲȻȰ԰곤ܶ࣬Ȼ檣Ӧúܸԣ԰ϣѰһˣ˵ֻҪúð£㵱ҲУׯҲܸˡ
Ҷҵ˸ԵĹޡ
ȻΪɭҵĽƷЩɱ鷳˰԰˹ޡ
䴫ŮǵүͻȻ˴ʿլۡӳ֮¡
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ﵽ򷿺ϳŵĴ·ʱ䡣ֻҪ˶ĵطͷˡڷֵ෿ߵĲ̯ԣʼȥнӵʱү΢Ϣһ
˺ܶࡣ£ָؽֽڲ̯ԱϤֻˡׯȺĲ裬ĵ˿
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үҡҡͷʧĲ̴Ҵû͹̴Ψһǣһˣʱķݡ
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ֵĻӦүԼС顢ĸټ֪ġүһǵǰ£Ҳ˵ǰ˼
Һټ˵ˣΪðҸһҪҾͰɵϻϷĻ
̴үǲǾиˣ-
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ׯһؾضǸɫ̴ŽסСȻһصͷŽηʼѾ˵·ͷ

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һŮͷкټȥˡүվ˵ǰΪ˿ż߿£ʼȻҲվһš
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ӲҪͰһһᱻʹаڣҲпһĵŮӡһ룬ΪԲŲܺһ
(ҵ뷨ǲǺɰ)
еķ޶Ҫһ𡣰ȻԼСȴĳ졣ǡ
Ҳ游һͥͽǮԲҪĸ顣
үߴߴš
үˣһҪǡһ˽ˣɲáʱαǸ˼޸
үȻǻǵͷ⡣үЦ
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